Weil, Simone. 1909-43. French mystic philosopher. Gravity and Grace 1947.

Weygand, Maxime. 1867-1965. French general. Foch’s Chief of Staff. Advised Pétain capitulation. WWI.

Wren, Christopher. 1632-1723. English architect. Anglicized Classicism based on French and Dutch influence. Rebuilt 50 churches after 1666 London fire. St. Paul’s 1675. Greenwich Observatory 1675. Associated with craftsmanship of Tijou, Gibbons, Thornhill, Cibber. Sheldonian Theatre 1662. Trinity College Library 1676.

XYZ Affair. 1797. US attack French ships after refusing to bribe ministers. Settled 1800. French Revolutionary Wars.

Yersin, Alexander. 1863-1943. Swiss/French. Developed serum for bubonic plague.

Yorktown, Siege. 1781. British surrender to American and French forces. American Revolution.

Yourcenar, Marguerite. 1903-87. French writer; First woman in Académie Française.

Zadkine, Ossip. 1890-1967. Russian/French cubist sculptor. Musicians 1924. Christ 1939. Destroyed City 1951.

Zehrfuss. French architect: UNESCO bldg.

Zola, Emile. 1840-1902. French “scientific” novelist: Nana 1880. Dreyfus supporter. Realist. Founded Naturalist Movement. Thérèse Raquin 1867. J’accuse 1898.

Zouaves. 1831-71. French African infantry. Algeria. Crimean War.