Pelagius. c354-c425. Welsh monk. Held heretical view that God rewards the virtuous. Free will, no original sin vs Determinism. Pelagians.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Powhatan. c1550-1618. American Indian chief. Pocohantas’ father. Co-op. with settlers.

Powhatan War. 1622-44. Indians attack settlers in Virgina, Maryland. Reprisals nearly wipe out tribe.

Proudhon, Pierre. 1809-65. French Anarchist Socialist: “Property is theft.”-What is Property? 1840. “Government is the Scourge of God”. Systèmes des Contradictions Économiques 1846.

Punjab. Aryan. c518BC Persia. 326BC Macedonia. c324BC Mauryan. c320 Gupta. 8C Moslem. 1206 Delhi. 16C Mogul. 1764 Sikh. 1849 Britain. 1947 Pakistan(W)/India(E). 1984 Amritsar Assault.

Reconquista. 11C-1492 Campaign of Christians to recapture Spain, Portugal from Moslems. 1118 Aragon. 1238 Valencia. 1492 Granada.

Reed, John. 1887-1920. US communist writer. Ten Days that Shook the World 1919.

Reginald of Châtillon. -1187. Crusade leader. Broken truce led to new war. Kingdom of Jerusalem lost.

Relativism, Ethical. What is right depends on what society or individual thinks is right.

Relativity. Einstein’s theories that space and time are not absolute. Special 1905. General 1916.

Resurrection. Key Christian belief that Jesus rose from dead.

Rio Salado, Battle. 1340. Major Christian victory in conquering Spain from Moslems.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Saracens. Moslems in the Middle Ages. Caliphate Empire.

Sassanids. 224-. Last Persian dynasty before Moslem conquest 637-51.

Scaramouche. Italian clown, at 83 could knock off his partner’s hat with a high kick.

Seljuks. 1075-1242. Turkish dynasty ruled Caliphate Empire. Attacks vs Byzantines led to Crusades. Nucleus for Ottoman Empire.

Sieyès, Joseph. 1748-1836. French abbé. What is the Third Estate? called for democracy 1789. Drafted Declaration of the Rights of Man. Helped organize Napoleon’s coup.

Social Darwinism. 19C theory that social man is subject to the “survival of the fittest”.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Syria. c10000BC Natufians. c2300BC Akkadian. c1900 Amorite. 16C Egypt. 14C Hittite. 8C Assyria. 7C Babylon. 538 Achaemenid. 332 Alexander...301 Seleucid. 64BC Rome...395 Byzantine. 634 Moslem. 877 Egypt. 11C Seljuk 1098 Latin Empire(part). 12C Ayyubid. 1249 Mameluk. 1516 Ottoman. 1920 French League of Nations mandate. 1943 Independent. 1958 +Egypt = United Arab Republic. 1961 -Egypt=Syria. Damascus.

Tajikistan. 3C BC Persian Empire. 711 Moslem. 1860 Russia. 1924 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Tangier. 15C BC Phoenicia. Carthage. Rome = Tingis. 429 Vandal. 541 Byzantine. 621 Visigoth. c682 Moslem. 1471-17C Spain, Portugal dispute. 1661 English. 1684 Morocco. 1923 International neutral port. 1940-45 Spanish occupy. 1956 Morocco.

Taraori, Battles. 1191-2. Moslems conquer northern India.

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