Beirut. 20C BC Phoenicia. 15BC Rome. 635 Moslem. 1110 Crusaders. 1187 Saladin. 1516 Ottoman. 1291 Mameluk. 1920 Capital of Lebanon. 1975-90 Lebanese Civil War.

Bichat, Xavier. 1771-1802. French anatomist. “Life is the sum of the forces that restrict death.”

Blue Laws. US laws that control Sunday activities. 1781 originals on blue paper.

Bucket Shop. Brokerage house that attempted to profit by delaying placing orders. Now illegal.

Caliphate Empire. 632-1258. Moslem Empire founded by Muhammad. From Afghanistan to north Africa and Spain. Umayyad. Abbasid.

Capetians. Dynasty that ruled France 987-1328.

Carthage. 814BC Phoenician colony. Dido. 574BC Independence after Tyre falls. 480BC Republic. 264-146BC Punic Wars. Hannibal. 146BC Rome razes, rebuilds. 439 Vandals plunder. 533 Byzantine. 705 Moslem. Tunis.

Ceuta. c12C BC Phoenicia. 1C BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 618 Visigoth. 711 Moslem. 1415 Portugal. 1580 Spain. 1810 Britain. 1814 Spain.

Château Clique. Small merchant group dominated government of Lower Canada to 1830s.

Chateaubriand. 1768-1848. French Romantic writer: d’Atala 1801. Memoirs d’outre-tombe.

Chatterton, Thomas. 1752-70. English poet. Forerunner of Romantics. Suicide.

Comoros. 8C Moslem. 1527 Europeans explore. 1886 France. 1975 Independent.

Counter-Reformation. 1517-1622. Catholic reform that followed the Reformation. Trent.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Dalai Lama. 14C- Leader of Tibetan Buddhists. Ruled Tibet until 1959 exile to India. Lamaism. Yellow Hats. Tenzin Gyatso.

Deism. Theory that God’s existence can be proven by reason, not just known by revelation (Theism). Rousseau. Voltaire. Jefferson.

Delhi. 1192 Moslems build. 1638 Mogul capital. 1739 Persians sack, take Peacock Throne. 1803 Britain.

Dewey, John. 1859-1952. US Pragmatist philosopher. -’It is in society’s interest that an individual develop and exercise his talents’. Studies in Logical Theory 1903.

Divine Right. 16-18C. Assertion that king’s authority came from God. Louis XIV. James I. Charles I.

Egypt. 3100BC Menes unites. 2780 Old Kingdom. 2600 First pyramid. 2040 Middle Kingdom. 1570 New Kingdom. 663 Assyria. 525 Persia. 332 Alexander...323 Ptolemy. 30BC Rome...395 Byzantine. 642 Moslem. 1250 Mameluk. 1517 Ottoman. 1798 Napoleon. 1805 Ottoman. 1882 British occupy. 1914 British protectorate. 1922 Indepedent monarchy. 1952 Coup. 1953 Republic. 1958-61 UAR.

Empiricism. Philosophy maintaining that all valid human knowledge is gained from experience.

Errs. Greek goddess of discord. Threw the apple that led to the Trojan War.

Ethics. Study of what is good human conduct.

Evangelicalism. Protestant churches that follow literal biblical interpretation.

Evolution. Theory that life evolves from earlier forms. Conflicts with Biblical version of creation. Darwinism.

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