Abbadids. 1023-91. Moslem dynasty in Andalusia.

Abbas, Ferhat. 1899-1995. First President of independent Algeria 1962-3.

Abbasid. 750-1258. Second Empire of Caliphate dynasty. Overthrew Umayyads; destroyed by Mongols.

Abd ar-Rahman. -732. Moslem Governor of Andalusia. Def, killed at Poitiers.

Achates. Aeneas’ armour bearer and friend in Greek mythology.

Acre. 1450BC- Egypt/ Assyria/ Persia/ Macedonia. 336BC Alexander...Egypt. 1C Rome. 614 Persia. 638 Moslem. 969 Egypt. 1079 Seljuk. 1099 Crusaders. 1104 Jerusalem. 1187 Saladin. 1191 Crusaders. 1291 Mameluks. 1517 Turks. 1918 British. 1948 Israel.

Adventists. US religious sect that believes in the imminent second coming of Christ.

Afghanistan. c200BC Aryan. 6C BC Achaemenid. 330 Alexander...Seleucid/ Maurya. 2C BC Persia/ India/ Parthia/ Kushan. 7C Arab (NW). 750 Persia (W)/ Hindu (E). 1219 Mongol...Timurid. 1525 Mogul. 1737 Persia. 1747 Monarchy. 19 C Britain/Russia dispute 1880 British suzerainty. 1919 Independent. 1973 Marxist coup, Republic. 1978 Communist coup. 1979 Russian occupation. 1989 Mujahideen expel Russians aided by CIA. 1990s Warlords. 2001 US attack Taliban.

Alarcos, Battle. 1195. Moslems defeat Christians in Spain, go on to conquer Castile.

Alchemy. Magic art of Egyptian origin attempting to transmute metals, esp lead to gold. Based on belief that all metals are a pure base metal + impurities which the philosopher’s stone can remove.

Algeria. c2000BC Berber. 12C BC Phoenicia...9C BC Carthage. 146 BC Rome. 429 Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 7C Moslem. c1500 Spain. 1518 Ottoman. 1671 Independent. 1830 France. 1962 Independent.

Ali. 4th Caliph, 656-661. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Succession led to Sunni/Shi’ite split. Moslem Civil War.

Anarchism, Communistic. Marxist revolutionary version of anarchism that seeks to overthrow the state. Bakunin. Kropotkin. Assassinated: Sadi-Carnot, Empress Elizabeth, Umberto I, McKinley.

Andalusia. Region of S Spain. 9C BC Phoenecia. 210BC Rome. 5C Vandal, Visigoth. 8C Moslem. 14C Christian. 1492 Castile.

Angles. Germanic tribe that invaded Britain in 6C. Jutes. Saxons.

Anglo-Saxons. Group of Germanic tribes that invaded Britain in 5C. Ruled to 1066. Angles. Heptarchy.

Antinomianism. 16C Belief that some Christians by special faith need not obey Old Testament moral laws.

Antioch. 300BC Seleucus I founds. 64BC Rome. First reference to disciples as Christians c42. 540 Persia. 637 Moslem. 10-11C Syrian capital. 969 Byzantine. 1098 Crusader State. 1268 Egypt. 1517 Ottoman. 1920 Syria. 1939 Turkey.

Arabia. Semite. 6C BC Chaldean. c106BC Rome. 622 Caliphate Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17C Persia (E). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAR, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain.

Armed Neutrality at Sea. 1780-1801. Agreement that neutral flag at sea protects all but military goods.

Armenia. 9C BC Vannic kingdom. 8C BC Persians, Assyrians, Armenians settle. 521BC Persian. 331BC Alexander...Seleucid. 298 Rome. 387 Persia/Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 885 Independent kingdom. 1071 Seljuk. 13C Mongol. 1405 Ottoman/Persian. 1514 Ottoman. 1918 Independent. 1920 Russia/Turkey. 1990 Independent. CIS.

Aryabhata. 476-550. Hindu astronomer. Explained eclipses, earth’s rotation.

Ayyubids. Sunni Caliphate dynasty in Egypt 1169-1250. Also in Yemen, Syria.

Bactria. c1500BC Aryan. 545BC Persia. 328BC Alexander. 256BC-140 Graeco-Bactria. Badakhshan. 7C Moslem. 1220 Genghis Khan. Now Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.

Barlaam. Legendary monk who converted Indian King Josephat to Christianity.

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