Ostrogoths. Germanic peoples. 3C Ukraine kingdom. 406 kingdom in Italy. 370 conquered by Huns. 493 conquered Italy. 555 dispersed by Justinian. Goths.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Oughtred, Wm. 1574-1660. English. Slide rule c1630 (circular), 1633 (rectilinear).

Palissy, Bernard. 1510-89. French potter. Discovered white porcelain.

Palladium. Sacred image of Athena protecting Troy. Stolen by Odysseus.

Panama. 1501 Bastidas discovers. 1510 Spanish settle. 1821 Gran Colombia. 1930 Colombia. 1903 US aided revolt, Independence. 1903-79 US administered Canal Zone. 1989 US invasion restores elected government.

Panama Scandal. 1892. Bribery of French Chamber of Deputies discovered re 1888 Lesseps Panama loan. Discredited Clemenceau’s radicals.

Pancras, St. 290-304. Patron saint of children. Martyred at age 14.

Panthéon. 1758-89. Paris. Soufflot. Ordered by Louis XV after recovering from illness.

Paraguayan War. 1864-70. Paraguay decimated by Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay. Reduced population from 525K to 193K women and 28K men.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Passy, Frédéric. 1822-1912. French founder of International League for Permanent Peace 1867. First

Paul, St. c10-67. Apostle, organizer of Christian religion. Travelled extensively. Pharisee, rabbi, tentmaker converted by vision, 37. Epistles. Martyred by Nero.

Pavlov, Ivan. 1849-1936. Russian physiologist: discovered conditioned response.

Peasants’ Crusade. 1096. Led by Walter the Penniless. Annihilated in Anatolia. Inspired First Crusade.

Pedro I. 1798-1834. First Emperor of Brazil 1822-31. Declared independence from Portugal. = Pedro IV of Portugal.

Peking Man. 350,000BC. Homo Erectus fossil discovered 1927.

Pelletier, P. J. 1788-1842. Discovered chlorophyll, 1817, with Caventou.

Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Philip I. 1052-1108. French king 1060-. Recovered Normandy for France.

Philip II. 1165-1223. French Capetian king 1179-. 3rd Crusade. Conquered Flanders. Doubled France. Fought Richard the Lion Heart for Angevin Empire.

Philippine Sea, Battle. 1944. Major US victory over Japanese. Philippines reconquered. MacArthur.

Pickens, Andrew. 1739-1817. American Revolutionary. Captured Atlanta.

Picquart, Georges. 1854-1914. French general imprisoned for defense of Dreyfus.

Pierre de Montreuil. 13 C builder of Notre-Dame Cathedral, architect of Ste-Chapelle, 1248.

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