Iguala, Plan de. 1821. Stated 3 objectives of Mexican Independence movement. Ignored by issuer, Iturbide, when he became Emperor.

India Act. 1784. Transferred control of British East India Co to Parliament. 1858. All power over India from East India Co to British crown. 1919-35. Created bicameral parliament of limited authority.

Innocent III. c1160-1216. Pope 1198-. Peak power of papacy. Fourth Crusade. Authorized incorporation of University of Paris 1215. Placed Inquisition under Franciscans and Dominicans. Crowned Frederick II.

Innocents, Massacre of. 4BC. Herod has all Bethlehem infants murdered.

Irredentists. 1878. Italian political party with object of incorporating neighbouring regions.

Isaac. Old Testament Patriarch. Abraham’s son from whom all Jews descend. Spared from sacrifice.

Isabella of Bavaria. 1371-1435. French Queen consort/regent 1389-1422. Recognized British heir to French throne. Treaty of Troyes. Hundred Years War.

Jackson, Andrew. 1767-1845. US President 1829-37. General 1812-18. Opposed tarrifs. Retired public debt 1835. Spoils system. Universal white male suffrage. Kitchen Cabinet. New Orleans.

Jacquerie Revolt. 1358. French peasants revolt vs tax increases to support Hundred Years War. Marcel.

James, Henry. 1843-1916. US psychological novelist. American 1877. Washington Square 1881. Turn of the Screw 1898. Compared innocence of New World with corruption of Old.-“It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature”.

James, St. -c44. One of 12 Apostles. Martyred by Herod Agrippa I.

James I. 1208-76. King of Aragon 1213-. Conquered Balearic Is. 1229-35. Drove Moors from Valencia.

Janissaries. 1330-1826. Ottoman sultan’s powerful bodyguard. First recruited from Christian children. Massacred by Mahmud II after revolt.

Java Man. First known fossils of Homo Erectus, discovered 1891.

Jenner, Edward. 1749-1823. English doctor, discovered smallpox vaccine 1796.

Jesuit Order. Society of Jesus.1534-. Founded by Loyola. Vows of poverty, chastity, and perfect obedience to Pope. Missionary and educational work. Dissolved 1773; restored 1814.

Jodl, Alfred. 1890-1946. German general. Signed capitulation at Reims. Condemned at Nuremberg.

John. The Fearless. 1371-1419. Duke of Burgundy 1404-. War vs Armagnacs.1407 conquered Paris, won crown. Assassinated by Armagnacs during negotiations.

John II. The Good. 1319-64. King of France 1350.- Hundred Years War. Captured at Poitiers, ransomed for 3M écus. Annexes SW France.

John II. The Perfect. 1455-95. King of Portugal 1481-. Sponsored Diaz.

Joliot-Curie, Frédéric. 1900-58, and Irène. 1897-1956. Discovered Uranium fission 1934. Artificial radioactive substances.

Jude, St. Apostle of Jesus. Martyred in Persia.

Justinian. 483-565. Eastern Roman Emperor, conquered Africa and Italy. Codified Roman law 529. Closed all non-Christian schools, beginning Dark Ages. Nika Riot. Corpus Juris Civilis. Hagia Sophia. Digest 553. Ulpian.

Kalmyks. Nomadic Mongolian peoples. 17C Settled Lower Volga. 1771 Forced back at great loss of life. 1945 Exiled to Siberia. 1957 Restored.

Karageorge, George. 1762-1817. Serbian. Led revolt vs Turks, 1804. Murdered by Milos, starting 100 year feud.

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