Frederick VI. 1769-1839. King of Norway and Denmark, 1808-. Sided with Napoleon. Lost Norway to Sweden.

Frederick VII. 1808-63. Danish king 1848-. Formed Constitutional Monarchy.

Frederick IX. 1899-1972. Danish king 1947-. Imprisoned by Nazis, 43-45.

Frederick the Fair. 1286-1330. Fought Louis IV unsuccessfully for German crown 1314-22.

Fredrikshamn, Peace. 1809. Sweden cedes Finland to Russia.

French Wars. 1701-1815. Second Hundred Years War.

Fréron, Louis. 1754-1802. French Revolutionary. Conspired vs Robespierre.

Froissart, Jean. c1333-1400. French Chronicles of the Hundred Years War 1391.

Fugitive Slave Acts. 1793-1850. Required return of runaway slaves. American Civil War.

Gabrieli, Giovanni. c1557-1612. Nephew of A. Wrote sacred symphonies of voice and instrument.

Gaiseric. 390-477. Vandal and Alani King 428-. Conquered Roman Africa 429. Sacked Rome 455.

Galle, Johann. 1812-1910. German. Discovered Neptune 1846.

Galton, Francis. 1822-1911. English founder of Eugenics. Hereditary Genius 1869.

Gama, Vasco da. c1460-1524. Portuguese explorer who rounded Cape of Good Hope 1488. Captured Calicot, India, 1503.

Garibaldi, Giusseppe. 1807-82. Led “Red Shirts” in Italian Risorgimento. Captured Naples 1860.

Garnier, Franis. 1839-73. French sailor, conquered Tonkin.

Geoffrey Plantagenet. 1113-51. Count of Anjou. Conquered Normandy for his son Henry II.

Georgian Architecture. 1714-1830. Palladian, 1720-60. Adam, 1760-1800. Regency, 1810-37. Often red brick with white trim.

Glasnost. Openness. Gorbachev’s policy to promote freedom of expression, reduce secrecy.

Grotefend, George. 1775-1853. German. Deciphered Cuneiform 1802. Behistun.

Guise, Francois, duc de. 1519-63. Massacred Huguenots at Vassy, 1562, starting War of Religion.

Guise, Henri, duc de. 1550-88. Partipated in St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Founded Catholic League 1576. Led revolt against Henry III. Murdered.

Halles Market. 1110. Paris site of pillory. Covered 1854-6. Moved 1969.

Hallmark. 1300. First required in Britain.

Harald Blue Tooth. c910-985. First Christian Danish king c940-. Unified Denmark, conquered Norway.

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