Cortes, Hernan. 1485-1547. Castillian captain, conquered Mexico,1519-21.

Count’s War. 1533-36. Danish war of succession. Confirmed Protestant Reformation and hereditary succession.

Crane, Stephen. 1871-1900. US writer. Red Badge of Courage 1895. Short stories.

Crédit Mobilier of America. 1865-72. Scandal involving illegal profits, graft in Union Pacific Railroad construction.

Crispin and Crispinian, Sts. -c285. Martyred patron saints of shoemakers.

Crookes, William. 1832-1919. English physicist. Invented Crookes tube. Discovered thallium. Radiometer.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cubism. 1907. Braque and Picasso reduce painting to minimum geometric forms. Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907. Term coined by Braque 1909.

Cultural Revolution. 1966-9. Mao’s Red Guards purge China of bourgeois, capitalist elements.

Curie, Irene. Joliot-Curie.

Cyprian, St. c200-258. Martyred Bishop of Carthage. Opposed Pope.

Cyrus the Younger. -401BC. Conspired vs Artaxerxes. Killed at Cunaxa.

Daladier, Édouard. 1884-1970. French Prime Minister, 1933~40. Munich Agreement.

Damiens, Robert-François. 1715-1757. Stabbed Louis XV. Quartered.

Dandolo, Enrico. c1108-1205. Blind Venice Doge. Captured Constantinople 1204.

Darwinism. Evolution by heredity, variety (mutation), and natural selection.

David. King of Isreal 1015-c962BC. Killed Goliath, defeated Philistines. Conquered Jerusalem. United Israel. Author of psalms.

Dead Sea Scrolls. 3C BC-1C AD. Old Testament texts of Essenes. Discovered at Qumrum, 1947.

Deakin, Alfred. 1856-1919. Australian Prime Minister 1903~10. First Attorney General 1901. Led federation movement.

Defender of the Faith. 1521. Title conferred by Pope Leo X on Henry VIII. Withdrawn after Act of Supremacy. Reconfirmed by Parliament, 1544 for all succeeding monarchs.

Delaware. “First” US state. Owasco, Delaware, Nanticoke, Assateague. 1609 English exploredl. 1631 Dutch. 1638 Swedish. 1655 Dutch. 1664 England.

Delius, Frederick. 1862-1934. English/French Impressionist opera composer. Tone poems.

Denis, St. -250. Patron St. of France, martyred first bishop of Paris. Carried his head to St-Denis Abbey.

Desmoulins, Camille. 1760-94. French journalist, lawyer and conventionnel. Speech inspired the storming of the Bastille. Executed as Moderate.

Dewar, James. 1842-1923. Scottish physicist: liquified helium1898, vacuum flask. Abel.

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