Couperin, François. 1668-1733. French Baroque keyboard composer. Concerts Royeaux, Leçons de Ténebres 1714.

Cour Carrée. Central court of Louvre designed by Percier and Fontaine.

Court of Miracles. In Middle Ages in Paris, area where beggars lived at night, shedding their wooden legs, etc.

Cousin, Jean the Elder. 1490-1560. French painter. Eva Prima Pandora, early French nude.

Coverdale, Miles. 1488-1569. English religious reformer, psalm + bible translator.

Craig, James. 1871-1940. First Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, 1921-.

Cranach, Lucas. 1472-1553. German painter and engraver. Luther 1533.

Crane, Stephen. 1871-1900. US writer. Red Badge of Courage 1895. Short stories.

Cranmer, Thomas. 1489-1556. First Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury. Executed by Queen Mary.

Crapper, Thomas. 1836-1910. British plumber. Installed Queen Victoria’s toilets. Manufacturer, but not inventor of syphonic flush toilets.

Crassus, Lucius. 140-91BC. Roman statesman, orator. Banished non-citizens, causing Social War.

Crassus, Marcus. c115-53BC. First Roman triumvirate member. Suppressed Spartacus’ slave revolt.

Crazy Horse. c1842-1877. Sioux Indian chief vs Custer at Little Bighorn.

Crédit Mobilier of America. 1865-72. Scandal involving illegal profits, graft in Union Pacific Railroad construction.

Crépy, Treaty. 1544. Ends 23 years of war between Holy Roman Empire and France.

Crete. c6100BC Knossos civilization. 3500BC Minoan. 1100BC Greek 67BC Rome. 826 Saracen. 960 Byzantine. 1205 Venice. 1669 Ottoman. 1912 Greece. 1941-45 Germany occupies.

Crichton, James “The Admirable”. 1560-82. Scottish adventurer/scholar.

Crick, Francis. 1916-. British discoverer of DNA structure with Watson 1953.

Cricket. 1598 derived from Club ball. 1877 First Test Match Australia/England.

Crimean War. 1853-6. Russian attempt to get a Mediterranean port stopped by Turkey, England, France, Sardinia. Dispute over Holy places in Palestine.

Crispi, Francesco. 1819-1901. Italian Prime Minister 1887~96. Thousand.

Cromwell, Oliver. 1599-1658. Led revolution in England, 1649. Lord Protector of the Realm, 1653-. Commonwealth Head of Government, 1649-. Signed Charles I death warrant.

Crookes, William. 1832-1919. English physicist. Invented Crookes tube. Discovered thallium. Radiometer.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

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