Uzbekistan. Bactria. 711 Arabs. 1220 Golden Horde brings Uzbeks. 1494 Shaybanids. 1875 Russia. 1924 USSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Vagrancy Acts. England. 1459 Authorized imprisonment. 1530 whipping. 1535 mutilation. 1597 included entertainers. 1713 branding prohibited.

Vairagin. Hindu ascetic worshippers of Vishnu.

Vaisnavism. 7C BC Hindu sect. Worship Vishnu as Krishna and Rama.

Val-de-Grace. Paris. 1645-1667. Built by Anne of Austria to thank God for birth of Louis XIV after 23 childless years of marriage. Mansart.

Valdemar I. 1131-82. King of Denmark 1157-. Conquered Norway. Allied with Sweden, France, Holy Roman Empire.

Valentine, St. c270. 2 Christians martyred by Claudius II. Modern celebration derives from Roman Lupercalia fertility festival.

Valley Forge. 1777-8. Training camp of Washington’s Continental Army.

Van Buren, Martin. 1782-1862. US president 1837-41. Independent treasury, US neutrality. Barnburner. Called “Little Magician” for his political dexterity.

Van de Graaff, Robert. 1901-67. US physicist. Particle accelerator 1929. High voltage generator 1932.

Van Dyck, Anthony. 1599-1641. Flemish portrait painter. Subjects showed dignity, elegance. Charles I 1635.

Van Gogh, Vincent. 1853-90. Dutch expressionist painter. Passionate intensity revealed in colors. Sunflowers. Potato Eaters 1885. Starry Night 1889. Wheat Fields. Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear 1889.

Van Loo, Carl. 1705-65. French Rococo portrait painter.

Vanbrugh, John. 1664-1726. English Restoration dramatist, Baroque architect: Castle Howard 1702. Blenheim Palace 1705.

Vanderbilt. 19C US Railroad magnate family. Founded university.

Varangian Guard. 977-15C. Byzantine infantry recruited from Scandinavia and later England.

Varangians. ‘Rus’. 9-10C. Norse conquerors of Russia, hence name.

Varèse, Edgard. 1883-1965. French composer of dissonant electronic music. Hyperprism 1923.

Vargas, Getúlio. 1883-1954. Dictatorial Brazilian president by revolution 1930-45, 51-. Modernization.

Vatican. 1146 Palace begun. 1377 Principal Papal residence. 11,000 rooms; world’s largest residence. 1929 Sovereign. Lateran Treaty.

Vatican City. 1929 State established by Lateran Treaty.

Vaucreuil, Cavagnal, Marquis de. 1698-1765. Governor of New France. Surrendered to Britain 1760. Seven Years War.

Vaughan Williams, Ralph. 1872-1958. English Nationalist composer of symphonies, ballads, songs. Combined folk idiom with 16C polyphony. Sea 1910. Pastoral Symphony 1922.

Veche. 10C-1510. Russian democratic city council abolished by Mongols.

Vedanta. Philosophy of Hinduism from 6C BC Upanishads. Developed by Sankara 7C and Ramanuja 11C.

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