Poincaré, Raymond. 1860-1934. French president 1913-20, Prime Minister 1912~29. Conservative nationalist. Occupied Ruhr.

Pointilism. 1880. Style of dotted art invented by Seurat. Neo-Impressionism.

Polish Succession, War of. 1733-38. Russia, Austria defeat Poland, France, Spain; place Augustus III on throne.

Polk, James. 1795-1849 US Democratic president 1845-. Oregon Question. Mexican War. “54°40' or fight”.

Pollock, Jackson. 1912-56. US abstract expressionist painter. Dripped paint on canvas.

Polo, Marco. c1254-1324. Venetian traveller to China 1275-92.Travels of Marco Polo 1298.

Polycrates. -522BC. Samos tyrant c535-. Aided Persians vs Egypt.

Pomerania. Baltic area including Danzig. Independent duchy 11-17C.

Pompey. 106-48BC. Roman triumvir with Caesar and Crassus; defeated by Caesar.

Pont de la Concorde. Paris. Built 1787-91 from stones of Bastille so people could forever trample ruins.

Poole, William. 1821-94. US. First library periodical index.

Pop Art. 1950-. Movement drawing from popular culture. Warhol. Lichtenstein.

Pope, Alexander. 1688-1744. English satirist, poet and philosopher: On Criticism 1711. Rape of the Lock 1712-4. Essay on Man 1732-4.

Popish Plot. 1678. Oates’ fictitious allegations of conspiracy led to persecution of Catholics.

Popov, Aleksandr. 1859-1905. Russian physicist: radio antenna.

Popular Fronts. 1930s. Political coalitions of opposing parties vs Fascists in France, Spain.

Populist Movement. 1890s. US agrarian reform coalition.

Porte St-Denis. Paris. 1672. Celebrates Louis XIV’s victories on the Rhine.

Porte St-Martin. Paris. 1674. Commemorates the capture of Besançon.

Porter, Edwin. 1869/70-1941. US filmmaker. First dramatic editing -Great Train Robbery 1903; First US documentary -The Life of an American Fireman 1903.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Positivism. Knowledge based on senses alone. Personal knowledge. Natural laws lead to social engineering to secure a happy society. Comte. Mill. Spencer. Logical Positivism.

Post-Romantic. Music style of late 19C, early 20C. Exaggerated Romanticism. Mahler. Schoenberg.

Potsdam Agreement. 1945. Truman, Stalin, Attlee agree to draw up peace treaties, reduce German industrialization, restore democracy in Europe after WWII. Outlawed Nazism. Divided Germany.

Potter, Beatrix. 1866-1943. English children’s story writer. Peter Rabbit 1900.

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