Peri, Jacopo. 1561-1633. Florentine composer. First opera. Dafne 1594. Euridice 1600.

Periander. Corinthian tyrant c627-586BC. Trade and art expansion.

Pericles. c495-429BC. Athenian leader 461-. Led to Athenian dominance of Greece. Parthenon. Height of democracy.

Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Perrault, Charles. 1628-1703. French poet. Mother Goose 1697.

Perrault, Claude. 1613-88. French architect. Louvre Colonnade. Observatory.

Perry, Matthew. 1794-1858. US Commodore. Opened Japanese trade 1854.

Pershing, John. 1860-1948. US general; commanded French front 1918. WWI.

Persia. Iran.

Persian Wars. 490-479BC. Greek city-states repel Persian invasion.

Pérugini, Pietro le. 1445-1523. Italian painter. Taught Raphael. St. Peter and Keys 1482 (Sistine Chapel).

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Petrarch. 1304-74. Italian humanist author, lyric poet, philosopher. To Laura 1366. Dialogue with St. Augustine.

Pfitzner, Hans. 1869-1949. German Post-romantic opera composer. Palestrina 1917.

Phaedo. c417BC. Greek Socratic philosopher. Dialectics, ethics.

Phaedra. Mythical Greek princess. Falsely accused Hippolytus of rape.

Pharaoh. Egyptian king’s title. =“great house”. Physical embodiment of god Ra.

Pharisees. 2C BC-70. Jewish religious sect. Oral law and Torah, vs Sadducees (Torah only). Mishna.

Philip I. 1052-1108. French king 1060-. Recovered Normandy for France.

Philip I. The Handsome. 1478-1506. King of Castile 1504-. Established Spanish Hapsburg line by marrying daughter of Ferdinand II.

Philip II. 382-336BC. General: unified Macedonia. Alexander’s father.

Philip II. 1165-1223. French Capetian king 1179-. 3rd Crusade. Conquered Flanders. Doubled France. Fought Richard the Lion Heart for Angevin Empire.

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