Madrid, Treaty. 1526. Charles V, Francis I truce in Italian Wars. 1670. Spain cedes Jamaica to Britain.

Mafia. Cosa Nostra. 13C-. Sicilian crime organization.

Magdeburg. 1631. German republic destroyed by Tilly in Thirty Years War.

Magellan, Ferdinand. c1480-1521 Portuguese navigator. Died leading first circumnavigation of the world. Discovered Straits of Magellan 1520.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Maginot. André. 1877-1932. French statesman. Built line of fortifications in the east of France 1928-38, leaving French overconfident vs German threat.

Magliabechi, Antonio. 1633-1714. Italian Medici librarian.

Magna Graecia. 8-6C BC. Greek colonies in S Italy. Cumae, Tarentum.

Mahabharata. 400BC-200 AD. Sanskrit historical and Hindu religious epic. Ramayana.

Mahavira, Vardhamana. 599-527BC. Indian founder of Jainism: -“All life is sacred”.

Mahayana. 1C-. Liberal Buddhist doctrine of China, Japan, Korea, Tibet. Bodhisattva.

Mahdi. Shi’ite messiah who will appear at end of the world. Several claimants have appeared.

Maillol, Aristide. 1861-1944. French sculptor of massive female nudes. La Mediterranée 1905.

Maimonides, Moses of Cordova. 1135-1204. Jewish philosopher. Mishneh Torah 1168. Guide for the Perplexed 1180.

Maintenon, Françoise de. 1635-1719. Mistress, then secret wife of Louis XIV. Founded St-Cyr.

Maistre, Joseph de. 1753-1821. French moralist for Christianity, Absolutism vs progress. Spanish Inquisition 1837.

Malacca. (Melaka). 1403 Malay. 1511 Portugal. 1641 Dutch. 1795 British, «Straits Settlements. 1946 Malaya. 1963 Malaysia.

Malamud, Bernard. 1914-86. US author. Jewish themes. Fixer 1966. Natural 1952.

Malawi. c13C Chewa. 19C Yao, Ngoni. 1859 Explored by Livingstone. 1893 British protectorate. 1907 =Nyasaland. 1953 +Northern Rhodesia. 1964 Independent =Malawi. Zambia. Banda.

Malaya. 200BC Indian colonies. 1511 Portugal. 1641 Dutch. 1795 Britain. 1948-63 Federation of Malaya. 1963 Malaysia.

Malaysia. Malaya. 1963 +Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak. 1965 -Singapore.

Maldives. Dravidians, Sinhalese settle. 12C Islam. 1153 Sultanate. 1507 Portugal garrison. 17C Dutch protectorate. 1796 British protectorate. 1965 Independent. 1968 Republic.

Malherbe, François de. 1555-1628. French poet. Foreshadowed classicism. Odes 1601.

Mali. Ancient Ghana. c1200 Mali Empire includes Senegal, Niger. 1460 Songhai Empire. c1600 Divided. c1880 =French Sudan. 1959 +Senegal +Sudanese Republic =Mali Federation. 1960 Independent -Senegal =Mali Republic.

Malignar Agreements. 1936-7. Socialist reforms in France.

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