Labour Party. 1888 Scotland. 1890 NZ. 1891 Australia. 1900 Britain. 1930 Israel. Founded by unions, Fabians for democratic change towards socialism. First UK MPs elected 1906. First UK Labour government 1924.

Labrouste, Henri. 1801-75. French architect. Early use of iron. Bibliothèque Nationale 1862.

LaBruyère, Jean de. 1645-96. French satiric moralist writer. Caractères 1688.

Lafayette. 1757-1834. French revolutionary general and political leader in American Revolution, 1776, French Revolutions, 1789, 1830.

Lagrange, Louis. 1736-1813. French mathematician. Analysis of mechanical systems. Celestial mechanics.

Laissez-Faire. Motto of 19C liberals calling for free markets and trade. Smith. “Laissez-faire, laissez-passer, laissez-aller”-Legendre 1680.

Lamarck, Jean de. 1744-1829. French evolutionary biologist. Classified vertebrates 1809. Transformism 1809. Lysenko.

Lammenais, Félicité de. 1782-1854. French RC priest. Liberal writer influenced Christian Democrats. Paroles d’un Croyant 1833.

Lanark. 1779-1830. Owen’s cooperative Scottish business. 10½ hour day. Health and pension insurance.

Land, Edwin. 1909-91. US inventor of Polaroid filter 1932, camera 1947, range-finder, anti-aircraft sights during WWII.

Landsgemeinde. Swiss canton meeting. Direct democracy.

Langhans, Carl. 1732-1808. German architect. Brandenburg Gate 1789.

Langton, Stephen. 1151-1228. Archbishop of Canterbury. Encouraged Magna Carta.

Lansbury, George. 1859-1940. British Labour MP. Women’s suffrage. Pacifist, opposed to WWI.

Lansdowne, Henry. 1845-1927. British statesman. Governor General of Canada, India. Secretary of War 1895-1900.

Laos. 14C Buddhist Lan Xang. 18C Vientiane(C)/ Luang Prabang(N)/ Champassak(S). 19C Siam. 1893 French protectorate. 1942 Japanese occupy. 1946 French. 1953 Independent...civil wars. 1975 Lao People’s Democratic Republic. 1991 New Constitution and freedoms.

Largo Caballero, Francisco. 1869-1946. Spanish socialist Prime Minister, 1936-7. Radical polemics led to Civil War.

LaRochefoucauld, Francois. 1613-80. French epigramist, moralist. Memoires and Maxims 1665-78.

Larousse, Pierre. 1817-75. French lexicographer. Great Universal Dictionary of the XIXth Century 1866-76.

Lassus, Roland de. 1531-94. Composer of masses, madrigals in Franco-Belgian style.

Lateran Councils. Roman Catholic church councils. 1123,39 vs Schism of Arnold of Brescia. 1179 Crusade vs Albigens. 1215 Crusade. 1512-17 Reform.

Lateran. Complex of 3 buildings in Rome. 16C Palace was papal residence to1309.

Lateran Synod. 1059. Papal election procedure.

Lateran Treaty. 1929. Established Vatican as sovereign state.

Latium. Area in Central Italy inhabited by Latins.

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