Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Inauguration Day. Jan 20. US president takes office after election.

Income Tax. Britain: 1193 Walter to ransom Richard I. 1799-1815 To finance war vs Napoleon. 10% over £200; 1842 Peel 3%. US: 1862-72 3% over $800 (5% if outside US); 1913 over $3000 only.

Independence Day. Annual US holiday since July 4, 1776. Declaration of Independence.

Independent Treasury. 1846-1913. US financial system not using private banks. Federal Reserve System.

Independents. Separatists. 17C English Christian sects believing that congregation should control its own affairs. Congregationalism. Puritans.

India. North: c2500BC Indus valley civilization. c2000BC Aryans invade. 6C Achaemenid. 5C Persia. 326 Alexander(NW). c300 Maurya Empire. 2C BC Greek, Parthian, Kushan invade. 1C AD Kushan. c320 Gupta Empire. 6C Divided. 5-15C Huns, Arabs, Persians invade 12C Moslem. 1526 Mogul. South: 3000BC Dravidian civilization. 12-13C Rashtrakutas, Cholas. 14C Moslem inv. 15C Vijayanagar Empire. 1498 daGama discovers sea route. 18C British East India Co. 1858 British Empire. 1947 Independent. 1950 Republic.

India Act. 1784. Transferred control of British East India Co to Parliament. 1858. All power over India from East India Co to British crown. 1919-35. Created bicameral parliament of limited authority.

India-Pakistan Wars. 1949. Splits Kashmir. 1965. India gains most of Rann of Kutch. 1971. Bangladesh Independence.

Indonesia.16C Portuguse influence. 1602 Dutch East India Co. 1798 Netherlands(Java). 1811-16 Britishs occupy. 1910 Unified as Dutch colony. 1945 Independent. Java. Borneo. Bali. Sumatra.

Indulgence. 800 Pardon for sin in place of penance. Granted by church, 12C as reward to Crusaders. Sold by church, 1313-. Abuse by Leo X led to Reformation.

Indulgence, Declaration. 1662,72. Charles II grants toleration of Nonconformists. Voided by Parliament. 1687. James II suspends penal laws against Catholics causing Glorious Revolution.

Industrial Revolution. 1730-. Transformation from agricultural to urbanized manufacturing economy as a result of steam power. 1830 England, France. 1850 Germany. 1860 USA. Blanqui. Toynbee.

Industrial Workers of the World. IWW. 1905-25. Radical militant US labour union of unskilled workers.

Infallibility, Papal. 1870. Pope cannot err on matters of faith, morals. Approved by first Vatican Council after heated debate.

Inflation. General rise of prices of goods and services.

Ingersoll, Robert. 1833-99. US agnostic philosopher, orator.

Ingres, Dominique. 1780-1867. French classical painter: Grande Odalisque 1814. Turkish Bath 1860.

Innocent II. -1143. Pope 1130-. Fled Rome, 1130-8. Lateran Council.

Innocent III. c1160-1216. Pope 1198-. Peak power of papacy. Fourth Crusade. Authorized incorporation of University of Paris 1215. Placed Inquisition under Franciscans and Dominicans. Crowned Frederick II.

Innocent VIII. 1432-92. Pope 1484-. Authorized Inquisition against witchcraft 1484.

Inns of Court. British apprenticeship and appointment of barristers. Temple, Lincoln 13C. Gray’s 1295. Inner 1326. Middle 1404. 1443-1876 Serjeant’s.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Instruction. 1767. Catherine the Great’s proposal for liberal humanitarian legal reform.

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