Guernica. Spanish Basque capital bombed by Germans for Franco, 1937. Euzkadi. Picasso. Spanish Civil War.

Guerra Santa (Holy War). 1848. Unsuccessful Italian revolution. Garibaldi. Mazzini.

Guesclin, Bertrand du. c1320-80. French military leader, 100 Years’ War. Expelled English from France.

Guevara, Che. 1928-67. Argentine revolutionary in Cuba, Bolivia. Revolution must precede communism.

Guilds. 11C-. Associations of merchants and craftsmen creating monopolistic protection.

Guimard, Hector. 1867-1942. French Art Nouveau architect, decorator. Paris Métro entrances.

Guise, Charles de. 1524-74. Cardinal. Brought Inquisition to France.

Guise, Francois, duc de. 1519-63. Massacred Huguenots at Vassy, 1562, starting War of Religion.

Gujrat, Battle. 1849. British defeat Sikhs, annex Punjab.

Gulf War. 1990-91. Allies (US, Britain, France, Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia +26 others) expel Iraq from Kuwait.

Gulistan, Treaty. 1813. Persia cedes Azerbaijan to Russia.

Gunpowder Plot. Nov 5, 1605. Conspiracy of Catholics against James I. Betrayed, the Houses of Parliament were not blown up. Guy Fawkes is burned in effigy each year. Catesby.

Guyana. Arawak, Carib, Warrau. 1498 Columbus discovers. 16C Dutch settle. 1814 Britain. 1831 Colony =British Guiana. 1966 Independent =Guyana. 1970 Republic.

Haakon VII. 1872-1957. King of Norway after separation from Sweden, 1905. In exile 1940-45.

Hadley, George. 1685-1768. English climatologist: explained trade winds.

Hafez. 1325-89. Persian poet. Divan 1369. Now, anyone who has memorized the Koran.

Haganah. 1920-48. Jewish protective force in Palestine. Basis of Israeli army.

Hagar. Sarah, Abraham’s wife’s handmaid. Mother of Ishmael.

Hahn, Otto. 1879-1968. German discoverer of Uranium fission 1938.

Haig, Douglas. 1861-1928. British Commander-in-Chief France 1915-19. War of Attrition.

Haiti. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 16-18C Slaves brought. 1697 Spain cedes to France 1804 Independent. 1915-34 US occupies. 1957-86 Duvalier dictators. 1994 US overthrow of military regime. 1972-2002 US returns refugee boat-people.

Halepa, Pact. 1878. Turks grant self-government to Cretan Greeks.

Haller, Albrecht von. 1708-77. Swiss anatomist. “Father of experimental physiology”.

Hals, Frans. c1580-1666. Dutch portrait painter: Laughing Cavalier 1624. Nurse and Child c1620.

Hamas. 1987-. Militant terrorist movement for elimination of Israel and establishment of a Palestinian state. Denounced 1993 peace agreement. PLO.

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