Machiavelli, Niccolo. 1469-1527. Florentine amoral cynic, statesman, historian and writer. The Prince 1513. -“End justifies the means”. -“Appear virtuous, act to maintain power”.

Macquarie, Lachlan. 1761-1824. Scottish governor of New South Wales 1809-21. Public works; currency 1813; bank 1817.

Maderno, Carlo. 1556-1629. Swiss architect. Founded Baroque style. St. Peter’s facade 1607.

Madison, James. 1751-1836. US President. 1809-17. “Father of US Constitution.”

Magritte, René. 1898-1967. Belgian Surrealist painter. Ceci n’est pas un pipe 1948. Castle of the Pyrenees 1962.

Mahavira, Vardhamana. 599-527BC. Indian founder of Jainism: -“All life is sacred”.

Mahdi. Shi’ite messiah who will appear at end of the world. Several claimants have appeared.

Mailer, Norman. 1923-2007. US writer. Naked and the Dead 1948. Executioner’s Song 1979. Harlot’s Ghost 1991.

Maistre, Joseph de. 1753-1821. French moralist for Christianity, Absolutism vs progress. Spanish Inquisition 1837.

Malacca. (Melaka). 1403 Malay. 1511 Portugal. 1641 Dutch. 1795 British, «Straits Settlements. 1946 Malaya. 1963 Malaysia.

Malaparte, Curzio. 1898-1957. Italian Fascist writer. Coup d’Etat 1931.

Mallarmé, Stéphane. 1842-98. French poet, initiated Symbolism. Après-Midi d’un faune 1865.

Malplaquet, Battle. 1709. Marlborough defeats French in war of Spanish Succession.

Manchu. 1644-1912. Chinese dynasty.=Ch’ing. 1682 united China.

Manchukuo. 1932-45. Japanese puppet state in Manchuria under P’u-i. Manchu.

Mancini, Pasquale. 1817-88. Italian Risorgimento leader, statesman. Triple Alliance 1882.

Manet, Édouard. 1832-83. French Pre-Impressionist painter. Olympia 1863. Déjeuner sur l’herbe 1863, triggered Impressionism. Folies-Bergères 1882. Monet.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

Mansart, Francois. 1598-1666. French architect. Val-de-Grâce 1645. Classical elements in Baroque style. Subtle elegance, harmony. Mansard roof.

Manson, Patrick. 1844-1922. Scottish parasitologist. Associated malaria with mosquito, 1894.

Maquis. French guerillas vs German occupation, WWII. Resistance.

Marais. Paris quarter reclaimed from swamp in 13C.

Marcellus, Marcus. c268-208BC. Roman consul. Conquered Syracuse 212BC. “The Sword of Rome”.

March on Rome. 1922. Mussolini’s planned Fascist insurrection. Facta resigned.

March on Washington. 1963. 200,000 in civil rights march led by King-“I have a dream”.

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