Fronde. 1648-53. Revolt of French parliamentarians vs king’s power. Failure encouraged Absolutism.

Frontenac. 1622-98. French Governor of New France. Defeated Iroquois. Expanded fur trade.

Fry, Christopher. 1907-. English dramatist: Lady’s not for Burning 1948. Venus Observed. Ben Hur 1959.

Fry, Elizabeth. 1780-1845. English Quaker prison reformer.

Fugitive Slave Acts. 1793-1850. Required return of runaway slaves. American Civil War.

Furetière, Antoine. 1619-88. French satirist/lexicographer. Nouvelle Allégorique 1658. Universal Dictionary 1684.

Fürstenbund. “League of Princes” 1785. Prussian-led association of German states vs Joseph II.

Gabon. Mpongwe. 1485 Portugal. 1839 France 1889 «Congo. 1910 French Equatorial Africa. 1940 Free France. 1946 French Territory. 1960 Independent republic.

Gabriel. Archangel. God’s messenger. Made Annunciation to Mary, and revealed Koran to Muhammad.

Gabriel, Jacques-Ange. 1698-1782. French Architect: École Militaire 1752. Champ-de-Mars. Place de la Concorde 1755. Petit Trianon 1762.

Gaiseric. 390-477. Vandal and Alani King 428-. Conquered Roman Africa 429. Sacked Rome 455.

Galahad. Chaste Arthurian knight. Lancelot’s son. Holy Grail.

Galatia. 275BC Area of Turkey taken by Gauls. 189BC Romans conq.

Galilee. N Israel. (Ancient N Palestine). Jesus’ homeland. Absorbed in Arab-Israeli War, 1949.

Gallic Wars. 58-51BC. Julius Caesar conquers Gauls, last independent Celts on continent.

Gallican Confession. 1559. French Calvinists’ statement of faith.

Gallon. 1707 Queen Anne’s wine gallon=US gallon (231 cubic inches). 1824 Imperial gallon defined as 10 pounds of water.

Galvani, Luigi. 1737-98. Italian physiologist. Electrical stimulation of frog’s legs 1780.

Gang of Four. Chinese leaders, including Mao’s widow, convicted 1980 of Cultural Revolution abuses.

Garibaldi, Giusseppe. 1807-82. Led “Red Shirts” in Italian Risorgimento. Captured Naples 1860.

Garnier, Franis. 1839-73. French sailor, conquered Tonkin.

Garter, Order of. c1348. First Order of British Knighthood. Founded by Edward III. “Honi soit qui mal y pense”. Shame on him who thinks evil of it.

Gaullists. 1947-76. Supporters of DeGaulle’s programs. 1976. RPR.

Gautier, Théophile. 1811-72. French poet. -“Art for art’s sake”. Mlle de Maupin 1835.

Gay, John. 1685-1732. English dramatist. Beggar’s Opera 1728.

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