Roman Question. 1861-1929. Italy vs Papacy over control of Rome. Lateran Treaty.

Romanesque Architecture. 4-15C. Barrel vault. Plain. Massive piers. Masonry vaulting. Blend of Byzantine and Roman influences. Gothic.

Romanesque Art. 11-12C Powerful imagery, grand conception. Fused Byzantine, Teutonic, Roman.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Romansh. Romance language spoken in Grison Canton of Switzerland. “National” language 1938-.

Romantic. Literary movement. Nature, spirit and emotion. Subjective. Gothic novel. Hugo, Rousseau, Schiller. Wordsworth. Goethe. Scott.

Rome. 753BC Legendary founding by Romulus and Remus. 616BC Etruscan. 509BC Roman Republic. 27BC Roman Empire. 248 Empire of the West. 395 Byzantine Empire. 410 Visigoths sack Rome. 476 Romulus Augustulus deposed. 493 Ostrogoth. 535 Byzantine. 774 Charlemagne’s Empire of the West. 962 Holy Roman Empire. 11C Norman. 12C Hohenstaufen. 1848 Republic. 1849 Papal States. 1870 Italy. 1929 -Vatican.

Rommel, Erwin. 1891-1944. German WWII Field Marshal in Africa 1941-3, France 1944. “Desert Fox”. Plotted vs Hitler. Suicide.

R101. 1930. British airship, world’s largest, crashed in France.

Rosa, Salvator. 1615-73. Italian poet, musician, Baroque painter.

Rosamund, Fair. c1140-1176. English Henry II’s mistress.

Rossetti, Christina. 1830-94. English religious poet. Prince’s Progress 1866.

Roth, Philip. 1933-. US novelist Goodbye Columbus 1959. Portnoy’s Complaint 1969.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Roux, Jacques. -1794. Led Enragés.

Rowley, William. 1585-1642. English actor, playwright. All’s Lost by Lust 1619.

Royal Academy of Arts. 1768. 40 members. Based on Hogarth’s Society of Independent Artists.

Royal Ballet. 1956. Academy of Choreographic Art 1926 + Sadler’s Wells 1930.

Rubens, Peter Paul. 1577-1640. Flemish Baroque painter. Sensuous works. Descent from Cross 1611. Médicis cycle 1621-5. Peace and War c1630.

Rump Parliament. 1648-60. After Pride’s Purge.

Rupert, Prince. 1619-82. Royalist commander in English Civil War. First President of Hudson’s Bay Co.

Russell, Taze. 1852-1916. US founder of Jehovah’s Witnesses.

Russell, William. 1639-83. English Whig. Executed, then acquitted for Rye House Plot.

Russian Campaign. 1812. Napoleon’s march on Moscow. 10,000 of 100,000 return. Grande Armée.

Russian Civil War. 1918-22. Trotsky’s Red Army defeat White counter-revolutionaries. Baltic liberated.

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