North West Company. 1783-1821. Rival of Hudson’s Bay Co. Merged.

Northern War, Great. 1700-21. Sweden vs Russia and allies. Ends Sweden’s power, begins Russia’s.

Nubia. 8C BC-c300 AD. NE African kingdom conquered Egypt. Sudan.

Nullification. US states’ rights to remedy federal abuse of power locally. Calhoun.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

O’Brien, William. 1803-64. Irish revolutionary. 1848 Insurrection. Led Young Ireland. Banished.

O’Casey, Sean. 1880-1964. Irish Realist playwright: Juno and the Paycock 1924. Plow and the Stars 1926.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

O’Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. Irish leader. Founded Catholic Association, 1823. Election to Parliament led to Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829.

O’Connor, Feargus. 1796-1855. Irish/English Chartist.

O’Connor, Rory. c1116-98. Last high king of Ireland 1166-75. Submitted to Henry II in Treaty of Windsor.

Octavia. -11BC. Octavian’s sister. Antony’s wife 40-30BC before Cleopatra.

Octavia. 42-62. Claudius’ daughter, Nero’s wife. Executed by Nero.

October Revolution. 1917. Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky overthrow Kerensky’s Socialist provisional government in Russian Revolution.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

Odysseus. Hero of Odyssey. Conquered Troy. =Ulysses.

Odyssey. 8C BC. Homer’s epic poem of Odysseus.

Offa. 755-796. King of Mercia 757-. Founded St. Alban’s abbey. Dee Dyke vs Welsh 785. Introduced coinage. Treaty with Charlemagne. Began unification of England.

Offenbach, Jacques. 1819-80. German/French light operatic composer: Tales of Hoffman. Orpheus 1859.

Ogadai. 1185-1241. Mongol ruler 1229-41. Conquered China to Poland, Hungary.

O’Higgins, Bernardo. 1778-1842. Chilean revolutionary, First president. 1818-23. Deposed.

O’Keefe, Georgia. 1887-1986. US semi-abstract artist.

Okhrana. 1881-1917. Czar’s secret police. Cheka.

Old Believers. 17C- Russian sect vs Nikon’s reforms.

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