Pietism. 17-18C. Spener’s religious movement. Influenced Moravians, Methodists. Bible study.

Pilate, Pontius. -c39. Roman governor of Judea, who allowed Christ’s crucifixion.

Pilâtre de Rosier, Jean-François. 1756-85. Physician and balloonist. First ascent 1783 with Montgolfier; First free flight 1783 with d’Arlandes. Killed trying to cross Channel.

Pinzón, Martín. c1441-93. Commanded Columbus’ Pinta.

Pinzon, Vicente. c1460-1523. Discovered Amazon 1500. Commanded Columbus’ Nina 1492,3.

Pitt, William, the Elder. 1708-78. English statesman, Prime Minister 1756~68. Pursued Seven Years War. “The Great Commoner”.

Pizarro, Francisco. ~1475-1541. Spanish conqueror of Incas in Peru 1531-3. Founded Lima 1535.

Place de la Concorde. 1775. Paris. Designed by Gabriel 1755. Site of guillotine 1793.

Plains of Abraham, Battle. 1759. British defeat French, capture Quebec. New France falls. Wolfe, Montcalm killed.

Planck, Max. 1858-1947. German physicist. Defined energy quantum 1900.

Plantagenet, Richard. Duke of York. 1411-60. Protector during king’s insanity, 1454. Claims to succession led to War of Roses.

Plassey, Battle. 1757. British conquer Bengal.

Plateresque. 16C Spanish architectural style. Intricate, heavy ornamentation.

Plato. c428-347BC. Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates’ Dialogs. Free-will. Republic. “There exist absolute truths. Mind imprints its idea on matter. Mind has always existed and seeks to free itself from matter and return to God.” Founded Academy c387. Symposium c384. Apologia c399. Quest for good will lead to harmony in the world.

Plotinus. 205-270. Greek philosopher. His Neoplatonism influenced Islam, Christianity. Quest for Good through intelligence. “Creation is fall from God. Evil is the nature of man. Good is freedom from senses.”

Plutarch. c50-119+. Greek/Roman biographer and moralist. Influenced Rousseau. Parallel Lives.

Pobedonostev, Konstantin. 1827-1907. Russian. professor, tutor to Alexander III, Nicholas II. Pro-autocracy. “Parliaments are the great lie of our time.”

Poe, Edgar Allan. 1809-49. US poet and horror story writer: Tales of the Grotesque 1840. Murders in the Rue Morgue 1841. The Raven 1845.

Poland. c2000BC Slavs settle. 9C Tribes unite. 966 =Poland. Mieszko I. 1038 Piast dynasty. 1386 +Lithuania. 1572- Kings elected, weak. 1772,93,95. Partitioned by Russia(E), Austria(SW), Prussia(NW). 1815 Congress Kingdom (Russia). 1918 Independent republic. 1926 Dictatorship. 1939 Germany/Russia occupy. 1941 Germany. 1945 Independent. 1947 Communist. 1952 People’s Republic. 1989 Free elections. Solidarity.

Polk, James. 1795-1849 US Democratic president 1845-. Oregon Question. Mexican War. “54°40' or fight”.

Pombal, Marquês de. 1699-1782. Portuguese. Led reconstruction after 1755 Lisbon earthquake.

Pompadour, Mme de. 1721-64. Louis XV’s intelligent, beautiful mistress. Built École Militaire. Sponsored Petit Trianon, Place de la Concorde.

Pompeius, Sextus. 67-35BC. Pompey’s son. Fought Caesar after father’s death.

Pont d’Avignon. 12C-1680. Built after divine command to shepherd, St Bénézet.

Pontus. 3C-66BC. Asia Minor kingdom conquered by Rome.

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