Crispi, Francesco. 1819-1901. Italian Prime Minister 1887~96. Thousand.

Crispin and Crispinian, Sts. -c285. Martyred patron saints of shoemakers.

Cromwell, Oliver. 1599-1658. Led revolution in England, 1649. Lord Protector of the Realm, 1653-. Commonwealth Head of Government, 1649-. Signed Charles I death warrant.

Cromwell, Richard. 1626-1712. Lord Protector of England. 1658-9. Son of Oliver.

Crosby, Bing. 1904-77. US singer and actor. White Christmas-best selling record until 1998.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cubism. 1907. Braque and Picasso reduce painting to minimum geometric forms. Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907. Term coined by Braque 1909.

Cubism, Synthetic. 1913. Braque and Picasso create a collage form of painting.

Culpeper’s Rebellion. 1677-79. Carolina colonists vs England. Establish their own government.

Cumberland, Richard. 1631-1718. Philosopher, “father” of English Utilitarianism.

Cummings, e.e. 1894-1962. Eccentric US poet. Tulips and Chimneys 1923.

Cunaxa, Battle. 401BC. Failed revolt vs Artaxerxes II. Retreat of the Ten Thousand.

Cunningham, Andrew. 1883-1963. WWII admiral, British chief of naval staff 1943-6.

Curie, Marie. 1867-1934, and Pierre 1859-1906. Polish/French discoverers of radium, 1898.

Cuvier, Georges. 1769-1832. French creator of comparative anatomy and paleontology.

Cuza, Alexandru. 1820-73. First Prince of Romania, 1859-66. Freed serfs. Educational reform.

Cyclades. Greek Islands in Delian League.

Cycladic Civilization. Paralleled Minoan and Mycenaean.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Cyril, St. c444. Patriarch of Alexandria. Deported Nestor. Lynched Hypatia. Launched pogroms against Jews. Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon.

Cyril and Methodius, Sts. -c869/885. Apostles of Slavs. Translated liturgy, invented Cyrillic alphabet.

Czechoslovakia. 1918 Formed in breakup of Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1920 Little Entente. 1938 -Sudetenland. 1939-45 German occupation. 1949 People’s Democratic Republic. 1968 Prague Spring. 1991 Republic. 1993 Split into Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Czechoslovakia Intervention. 1968. Russian troops end Dubcek reform policies. Warsaw Pact maintains right to intervene anywhere Socialism is threatened.

D-Day. June 6, 1944. Normandy Landing.

Damon and Pythias. Syracuse true friends. Damon pledged his life for Pythias’, awaiting execution.

1635 more results ...