Institute of France. 226 members. Comprises Académie Française, 1635; Inscriptions and Belle Lettres, 1663; Science, 1666; Fine Arts 1795; Political Science, 1832. Four Nations.

Interactionism. Descartes. False idea that the mind affects body through pineal gland.

Intolerable Acts. 1774. British response to Boston Tea Party, Gaspee burning. Closed Boston Harbor. Established military government. Midwest under Quebec rule...Continental Congress.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Irish Partition. 1921. Irish Free State established; 6 NE counties elect to stay British.

Iron Guard. 1924-41. Romanian anti-semite fascist party.

Irrationalism. 19C. Philosophy stressing instinct over reason. Schopenhauer.

Irredentists. 1878. Italian political party with object of incorporating neighbouring regions.

Ishtar. Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of love, sex, and war. Earth Mother.

Ivan III. The Great. 1440-1505. United Russia 1478. Ended Tartar domination.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jacquemart de Hesdin. Court painter: Grandes Heures du Duc de Berry 1409.

James, St. -c44. One of 12 Apostles. Martyred by Herod Agrippa I.

Jena-Auerstadt, Battles. 1806. Napoleonic victories over Prussians led to fall of Berlin.

Jinnah, Muhammed Ali. 1876-1948. Founded Moslem League 1934. Demanded partition of India. First gov-gen. of Pakistan.

John. Lackland. 1167-1216. King of England 1199-. Lost Normandy. Forced to sign Magna Carta 1215. Excommunicated 1209. Lost Anjou.

John II. The Perfect. 1455-95. King of Portugal 1481-. Sponsored Diaz.

Johns, Jasper. 1930-. US Pop artist. Painted Bronze 1960 (2 beer cans).

Joliot-Curie, Frédéric. 1900-58, and Irène. 1897-1956. Discovered Uranium fission 1934. Artificial radioactive substances.

Jorn, Asger. 1914-73. Danish Imaginist artist. Lettre à mon Fils 1957. L’avangarde se rende pas 1962.

Joséphine, Empress. 1763-1814. Widow of beheaded General de Beauharnais, wife of Napoleon 1796-1809; divorced.

Joyce, James. 1882-1941. Innovative Irish writer in Stream of Consciousness style. Experimented with linguistic techniques. Dubliners 1914. Portrait of the Artist 1916. Ulysses 1922. Finnegan’s Wake 1939.

Judah. Judaea. Southern part of Kingdom of Israel.

Jude, St. Apostle of Jesus. Martyred in Persia.

Jugenstil. Art Nouveau.

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