Tolpuddle Martyrs. 1834. 6 British farmworkers transported despite protests for union organizing.

Torch, Operation. 1942-3. Anglo-US operations in French NW Africa. Vichy France calls for Axis support in Tunis.

Tordesillas, Treaties. 1494. Spain, Portugal divide colonies in America and East according to Demarcation Bull of Alexander VI. Spain west, Portugal east of 48.5°W.

Torres Vedras, Lines. 1808-14. Fortifications protect Portugal from French invasion.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Townshend Act. 1767-70. Reasserted English authority in American colonies. Import duties.

Transportation. Removal of criminals to a distant place. 1783-1868 British send 160,000 to Australia. 1854-1946. French send to French Guiana. 1710- Russia banishes to Siberia.

Treaty Ports. Japan, China forced by west to open ports to foreign trade. Opium Wars.

Tsingtao. (Kiaochow). Strategic Chinese port. 1898 German. 1914 Japan. 1922 China. 1938-45 Japanese occupy.

Twenty-One Demands. 1915. China submits to Japanese threats. Japan controls Manchuria, Mongolia and have access to ports and islands.

Two Thousand Words. 1968. Czech proclamation supporting Dubcek reforms prompts Russian Invasion.

United Empire Loyalists. 18C. Colonists who supported Britain during American Revolution, went to Canada.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

Urban VIII. 1568-1644. Pope 1623-. Supported France in Thirty Years War.

Uruguay. 1516 Díaz discovers. 1683 Portugal. 1777 Spain(La Plata). 1820 Brazil. 1828 Independent.

Van Dyck, Anthony. 1599-1641. Flemish portrait painter. Subjects showed dignity, elegance. Charles I 1635.

Van Gogh, Vincent. 1853-90. Dutch expressionist painter. Passionate intensity revealed in colors. Sunflowers. Potato Eaters 1885. Starry Night 1889. Wheat Fields. Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear 1889.

Van Loo, Carl. 1705-65. French Rococo portrait painter.

Venezuelan Claims. 1902-7. European countries blockade ports to press for loan repayment.

Vermeer, Jan. 1632-75. Dutch painter, portraying domestic interiors. Procuress 1656. Soldier and Laughing Girl. Letter 1660.

Vervins, Treaty. 1598. Spain withdraws support of French Catholic League. Ends Franco-Spanish War. Spanish acquisitions returned to France.

Victor Emmanuel III. 1869-1947. Last Italian king 1900~46. Supported Mussolini. Abdicated.

Vigée-Lebrun, Elizabeth. 1755-1842. French portrait painter. Marie-Antoinette.

Wahabi. 18-19C. Militant Moslem Arab Puritan sect. Fought Porte 1813-15. Invaded Kuwait 1919,27,28; repulsed with British help. 2001 World Trade Center. Taliban.

Wilde, Oscar. 1854-1900. Irish writer. Imprisoned for homosexuality. “Art for art’s sake”. Dorian Gray 1891. Importance of Being Earnest 1895. Ballad of Reading Gaol 1898.

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