Manchuria. 926 Khitan Empire. 1234 Mongol. 1644 Manchu. 1898 Port Arthur. 1932 Manchukuo. 1946 China.

Port Arthur. Chinese port. 1894 Japan. 1895 China (Shimonoseki Treaty). 1898 Russia. 1904 Japan. 1945 USSR/China. 1955 China.

Shimonoseki Treaty. 1895. Ended first Sino-Japanese War. Japan gained Taiwan, Port Arthur. Korea independent.

Acropolis. Elevated portion of Greek cities for protection and worship. Athens 2000BC.

Afghanistan Invasion. 1979-87. Russian troops support Marxist revolutionaries.

Afonso I. c1111-1185. First King of Portugal, 1139.

African Colonization. 1840-1920. 15C Portuguese exploration. 1884-1920 Africa divided by European powers. 1950- anti-colonial mvmts.

Agrippa, Marcus V. 63-12BC. Roman general, supported Octavian.

Aircraft Transport and Travel Ltd. 1916. World’s first airline, Britain.

Albuquerque, Afonso de. 1453-1515. Portuguese conquistador. Expanded empire.

Alcaçovas, Treaty. 1479. Portugal renounces claim to Castile.

Alexander VI. Pope. Demarcation Bull 1493 divided newly discovered land between Spain, Portugal. Tordesillas.

Alfonso XIII. 1886-1941. King of Spain 1886-1931. Survived 5 assassination attempts. Support for Primo de Rivera weakened monarchy.

Aljubarrota, Battle. 1385. Confirmed Portugal’s independence from Castile.

American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU. 1920-. US legal action group supporting civil rights.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

American Colonization Society. 1816-1912. Transported blacks to Liberia.

America’s Cup. 1851. Royal Yacht Squadron race won by Americans until 1983. Oldest international sports trophy.

Angola. Bantu. 1482 Cao discovers.1641-8 Dutch. 1575 Portuguese colony. 1975 Independent.

Annates. Proportion of first year’s income paid to Pope by office holders.

Arriaga, Manuel. 1842-1917. First President of Portugal.

Aspern-Essling, Battle. 1809. First important loss for Napoleon.

Assad, Hafiz al-. 1928-2000. Syrian President 1971-. Supports Qadaffi, PLO. Anti-Israel.

Atlas. King of Titans, turned into a mountain to support the sky.

Australia. c28,000BC Australoids. 1606 Sighted by Portuguese. 1668 Dampier lands. 1770 Cook claims for England. 1788-1868 Penal colonies. 1901 Independent commonwealth.

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