Pope, Alexander. 1688-1744. English satirist, poet and philosopher: On Criticism 1711. Rape of the Lock 1712-4. Essay on Man 1732-4.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Porphyry. c233-305. Greek Neoplatonic philosopher. Adversus Christianos burned. Tree of Porphyry.

Poseidonius. c135-51BC. Greek Stoic philosopher. Explained tides 79BC.

Pragmatism. 19-20C. Philosophy emphasizing experiment and practical utility. Pierce. James. Dewey. Schiller.

Proclus. 410-485. Greek Neoplatonist philosopher: opposed Christianity.

Pythagoras. c582-500BC. Greek philosopher: numbers are key to understanding the universe. Founded first school of higher learning at Crotona, Italy.

Rodó, José. 1872-1917. Uruguayan philosopher/writer. Ariel 1900.

Romanticism. 18C Philosophical movement rooted in Pietism. Began in Germany. Spread across Europe in 19C.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Royal Society. 1660. English publisher of scientific Philosophical Transactions since 1665.

Royce, Josiah. 1855-1916. US Idealist philosopher.

Russell, Bertrand. 1872-1970. English mathematician, liberal philosopher, logician, pacifist. Believed in human reason. Founded CND. Principles of Mathematics 1910-13. History of Western Philosophy 1945.

Samuel, Herbert. 1870-1963. British philosopher, statesman. Practical Ethics.

Santayana, George. 1863-1952. Spanish/US philosopher. Life of Reason 1905-6.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1905-80. French existentialist philosopher: L’Etre et le Néant 1943. Social responsibility of freedom. (refused).

Schelling, Friedrich. 1775-1854. German Idealist philosopher. -’artist is superior to thinker’.

Schlick, Moritz. 1882-1936. German Logical Positivist philosopher. Led Vienna Circle.

Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1788-1860. German pessimist Idealist philosopher. Will is superior to knowledge. World viewed as will and ideas. Every individual is a part of a Universal Will.

Scotism. Philosophy of Duns Scotus.

Scriabin, Aleksandr. 1872-1915. Russian composer uniting music with philosophy: Prometheus 1911. Musical symbolism.

Seneca, Lucius. c4BC-65. Roman stoic philosopher, dramatist. Influenced Renaissance drama.

Skepticism. Philosophical attitude of doubt.

Social Contract. Hobbes political philosophy. Compact between ruler and ruled. Locke.

Socrates. c470-399BC. Greek philosopher. Knowledge is the key to influencing destiny. Ignorance leaves one subject to fate. Socratic method of teaching by dialog. Dialectic. Condemned for impiety and corrupting the young - drank hemlock. “Know thyself”.

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