Samanids. 819-999. Persian native dynasty. Flourishing of arts.

Sassanids. 224-. Last Persian dynasty before Moslem conquest 637-51.

Satrap. Provincial governor of Persian Empire. Achaemenids.

Seleucids. 312-64BC. Hellenistic kingdom founded by Alexander’s general, Seleucus. Syria, Persia, Mesopotamia.

Selim I. 1470-1520. Ottoman sultan 1512-. Conquered Egypt, Syria, part of Persia.

Shapur II. 309-379. Persian king. Halted Roman invasion. Acquired Armenia.

Sheba. (Saba’). Biblical country in south Arabia. 10C BC Colonized Ethiopia. 2C BC Overrun by Persia. Bilqis, Queen of Sheba visited Solomon.

Sufism. 8/9C Persian Moslem movement. Soul’s personal union with God. =Islamic mysticism.

Tajikistan. 3C BC Persian Empire. 711 Moslem. 1860 Russia. 1924 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Ten Thousand, Expedition of. 401BC. Xenophon leads Persian-paid Greek mercenaries out of Iraq.

Themistocles. c523-460BC. Athenian archon, naval leader 493-480BC. Defeated Persians at Salamis, 480. Rebuilt Acropolis. Started Piraeus harbour.

Thrace. Region of SE Balkan peninsula. c700BC Greek colonies. c512-480BC Persia. 4C BC Macedonia. 1C BC Rome...Byzantine. 7C Bulgaria(N). 1453 Ottoman. Post WWI split Turkey/Greece/Bulgaria.

Tiglath-pileser III. -727BC. Assyrian king c745-. Expanded empire to Persia, Babylon.

Tissaphernes. -395BC. Persian satrap. Allied with Sparta. Reconquered Greek cities in Asia Minor.

Turkmanchay, Treaty. 1828. Persia cedes Armenia, ending Russo-Persian War 1826-8.

Turkmenistan. 4CBC Alexander. 7C Arabs. 13C Golden Horde. 15C Persia/Uzbek. 1881 Russia. 1925 Turkemistan SSR. 1991 Independent. CIS. Niyazov.

Tyre. c2000BC Phoenicia. 14C Egypt. 9C Founded Carthage. 8C Assyria. 538 Persia. 332 Alexander...Seleucid. 125 Autonomous. 68BC Rome. 636 Moslem. 1124 Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1291 Mameluks destroy.

Xanthos, Sieges. Lycians defend against: 546BC Persians. 43BC Romans. Residents commit mass suicide both times. Asia Minor.

Xerxes I. 519-465BC. King of Persia, invaded Attica. Victor at Thermopylae. Salamis defeat preserved Greek independence. Crossed Hellespont 480BC.

Yemen. ~10CBC Minaean, Saba’, Qataban, Himyarite Kingdoms. 1C Jews settle. 4C Christians settle. 525 Abyssinia. 575 Persia. 7C Moslem. 9C ’Alid Zaydi dynasty. 1173 Ayyubid. c1229 Rasulid. 1517 Ottoman. 1962 Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen). 1990 Merged with c100BC Himyarite. 1229 Rasulis. 1635 Zaydi. 1735 Divided South: 1802 British protection. 1839 British East India Company. 1937 Aden British Protectorate. 1963 Federation of South Arabia. 1967 People’s Republic of Yemen. 1735 North: 1872 Ottoman. 1920 Tribal. 1962 Yemen Arab Republic 1990 merged=Yemen.

Zoroaster. Zarathustra. c628-551BC. Persian religious reformer, founder of Zoroastrianism. World is an eternal struggle between forces of good and evil.

Zoroastrianism. 550BC-650. Monotheistic, dualist national religion of Persia. =Parsiism. Zoroaster.