Index Librorum Prohibitorium. 1564-1966. Vatican list of prohibited reading.

Industrial Revolution. 1730-. Transformation from agricultural to urbanized manufacturing economy as a result of steam power. 1830 England, France. 1850 Germany. 1860 USA. Blanqui. Toynbee.

Infallibility, Papal. 1870. Pope cannot err on matters of faith, morals. Approved by first Vatican Council after heated debate.

Inkerman, Battle. 1854. Crimean War defeat of Russians by English and French.

Inquisition. Group of tribunals dedicated to routing out heresy. Papal. 1231-18C. Formalized by Gregory IX. Torture to obtain confession authorized by Innocent IV 1252. Roman. 1542-1908. RC church vs Protestantism. Galileo. Spanish. 1478-1834. Formed by Isabella and Ferdinand to persecute Jews and Moslems. Torquemada. Auto-da-fé.

Instruction. 1767. Catherine the Great’s proposal for liberal humanitarian legal reform.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Investiture Controversy. 1075-1122. Gregory VII abolished Holy Roman Emperor’s power to invest bishops. Led to war with Henry IV. Concordat of Worms.

Ionesco, Eugène. 1912-94. Romanian/French dramatist of Absurd. Bald Prima Donna 1950. Rhinoceros 1959.

Ionia. 1000BC Greeks colonize. 546BC Cyrus. 479 Independent. 334 Alexander. 133BC Rome. 15C Ottomans destroyed cities.

Ionian School. 6C BC. Greek philosophers. Thales. Araximanedes. Diogenes. Explained phenomena in terms of physical forces.

Iraq. Mesopotamia. 1920 British mandate. 1921 Kingdom = Iraq. 1932 Independent. 1958 Arab Federation 1958 Left-wing coup, Republic. 1963 Anti-Communist coup. 1979 Hussein dictator. 1990 Kuwait Invasion.

Ireland, William. 1777-1835. English forger of Shakespeare manuscripts 1796.

Iron Guard. 1924-41. Romanian anti-semite fascist party.

Italian Wars. 1494-1559. Spain, HRE defeat France for control of Italy.

Ito Hirobumi. 1841-1909. Westernizing Japanese statesman. First Parliament 1890.

Jahn, Friedrich. 1778-1852. German “father of gymnastics”. Turnverein.

James V. 1512-42. Catholic king of Scotland, 1513-. Allied with France vs Henry VIII.

Jamestown. 1607. First permanent English settlement in North America.

Janissaries. 1330-1826. Ottoman sultan’s powerful bodyguard. First recruited from Christian children. Massacred by Mahmud II after revolt.

Janus. Roman god with two faces to guard doorways, beginnings and endings.

Jaspers, Karl. 1883-1969. German Existential philosopher. Philosophie 1932.

Jauhar. Indian woman’s suicide by fire before husband’s expected death in battle.

Java Man. First known fossils of Homo Erectus, discovered 1891.

Jean de Meung. 1240-1305. French poet. Roman de la Rose 1280.

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