Mantua, Siege. 1796-7. Napoleon defeats Austria to rule Italy.

Mantuan Succession, War. 1628-31. French fight Hapsburgs over Mantua in 30 Years War.

Manu. Hindu mythical first man, and law giver.

Manuel I. 1469-1521. Portuguese king 1495-. Overseas expansion and trade.

Manx. Celtic language of Isle of Man.

Manzikert, Battle. 1071. Seljuks defeat Byzantines, gain Anatolia.

Manzoni, Alessandro. 1785-1873. Italian Romatic writer. The Betrothed 1825-7.

Maquis. French guerillas vs German occupation, WWII. Resistance.

Marcellus, Marcus. c268-208BC. Roman consul. Conquered Syracuse 212BC. “The Sword of Rome”.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Marcus Aurelius. 121-180. Roman Emperor 161-. Stoic philosopher. Meditations. Repelled invasions. Persecuted Christians.

Marcuse, Herbert. 1898-1979. German/US radical philosopher. Revolutionary change vs repressive society. One Dimensional Man 1964.

Marggraf, Andreas. 1709-82. German. Sugar in beets, 1747.

Maria Luisa. 1751-1819. Spanish queen to Charles IV. With lover Godoy, ruined Spain’s finances.

Maritsa River, Battle. 1371. Ottomans defeat Serbs. Turkey expands in Balkans.

Markiewicz, Countess. 1876-1927. Irish Nationalist. First woman elected to British Parliament, 1918.

Marne, Battle. 1914. Paris defence vs Germans. Joffre. 1918 Allied victory is turning point in WWI. Foch.

Maronite. Syrian Roman Catholic Church. 7C Settled Lebanon. 1182- Under Vatican. 1860 Druze massacre Maronites. 1920 Lebanon. Phalangists.

Marryat, Frederick. 1792-1848. English adventure writer of energetic seafaring stories. Midshipman Easy 1836.

Mars. Roman god of war. = Greek Ares.

Marshal. Highest military rank in Britain, France, Germany, Russia, China.

Martial, Marcus. c40-103. Roman epigrammatic poet.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Mary. Virgin mother of Jesus. Free from Original Sin. Most important Roman Catholic saint.

Mary I. Bloody Mary. 1516-58. Tudor queen of England 1553-. Married Philip II of Spain. Reinstated Roman Catholicism 1555. Persecuted Protestants. Lost Calais.

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