Gräfe, Albrecht. 1828-70. German ophthalmologist. Glaucoma, 1857. Cataract treatment, 1867.

Great Britain. 1707 Kingdom of England, Scotland, Wales. United Kingdom. Act of Union.

Greek Fire. 648. Byzantine secret weapon. Flammable substance that ignited on contact with water invented by Callinicus of Heliopolis.

Grenville, George. 1712-70. British Prime Minister 1763-65. Revenue Act. Stamp Act.

Guelfs and Ghibellines. 1154-15C. Rival factions responsible for feuds in Germany and Italy. Welfs.

Gwyn, Nell. 1650-87. English actress. Popular mistress of Charles II 1669-.

Habeas Corpus Act. 1679. England. Right of prisoner to appear in court before being imprisoned.

Halepa, Pact. 1878. Turks grant self-government to Cretan Greeks.

Hall, Charles. 1863-1914. US. Aluminum manufacturing process 1886.

Harris, Lawren. 1885-1970. Canadian landscape, abstract painter. Group of Seven. Lake and Mountains 1928.

Hatch Acts. 1939,40. Limit campaign contributions in US.

Hatt-i Humayun. 1856. Turkish reform act, forced by major powers, but not always enforced.

Head Act. 1465. Bounty to English colonists for heads of Irish.

Helvétius, Claude-Adrien. 1715-71. French Materialist philosopher. All actions based on self-interest. De l’ésprit 1758.

Hepworth, Barbara. 1903-75. English abstract sculptor.

Highland Garb Act. 1746-82. Prohibited wearing of tartan.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

Hofmann, Hans. 1880-1966. German/US improvising painter. Influenced Abstract Expressionism.

Homestead Acts. 1862 US grants 160 acres free to 5yr settlers. 1885 NZ, 1893 W. Australia grant free land to immigrants. Canada 160 acres for $10..

Hooke, Robert. 1635-1703. English inventor of balance spring watch. Diffraction 1672. Wave theory of light.

Hudaybiyah, Pact of al-. 628. Muhammad and followers allowed into Mecca for pilgrimage. Hijrah.

Hume, David. 1711-76. Scottish empiricist philosopher and historian: On Human Nature 1739. Free-will. Behaviour results from innate character. God cannot be proved by reason, but we must believe in Him.

Hundred Days. 1815. March 20 to July 8; Napoleon’s escape from Elba to his second abdication. 1933. Began Roosevelt’s administration. New Deal enacted.

Idealism, Philosophical. Reality is a consciousness of abstract laws vs sensory-based Materialism.

Immigration Acts. 1962. Britain limits immigration from Commonwealth.

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