Russian Campaign. 1812. Napoleon’s march on Moscow. 10,000 of 100,000 return. Grande Armée.

Russian Social Democratic Party. 1898. Split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, 1903.

Russo-Swedish War. 1614-17. Russia loses access to Baltic. 1741-3. Sweden cedes part of Finland. 1788-90. 1808-9. Sweden cedes Finland + Åland Islands.

SA. 1921-34. Brownshirts. Nazi force for breaking up rival party meetings. Purged on Night of Long the Knives.

Sacre Coeur. Paris basilica built 1873-1910 by Abadie, at a cost of FF40 million.

Salimbene di Adam. 1221-90. Parmese chronicler of 13C life.

Salon des Refusés. 1863. Paris exhibition of paintings by Cezanne, Manet, Whistler refused by Academy. Déjeuner sur l’herbe.

Salpêtrière. 1656. Established by Louis XIV to care for the 55,000 beggars on the streets of Paris. Pinel.

San Juan Hill, Battle. 1898. Part of Battle of Santiago. US defeat Spain in Cuba. Roosevelt. Rough Riders.

Sandys, Edwin. 1561-1629. English parliamentarian. His ideas helped overthrow Charles I.

Saxony. 843 «East Frankish Kingdom. 919-1024 Ruled HRE. 1180 Divided. 1697 Elector (King) of Poland. 1785 Fürstenbund. 1806 Napoleon creates Kingdom. 1815 Half to Prussia. 1815 German Confederation. 1835 Zollverein. 1867 North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Abolished monarchy. 1920 Republic. 1933 Germany.

Scaramouche. Italian clown, at 83 could knock off his partner’s hat with a high kick.

Schema de Parvo. 1870. Roman Catholic catechism.

Schiaparelli, Giovanni. 1835-1910. Italian ’discoverer’ of non-existent canals on Mars.

Schopenhauer, Arthur. 1788-1860. German pessimist Idealist philosopher. Will is superior to knowledge. World viewed as will and ideas. Every individual is a part of a Universal Will.

Schwarzenberg, Karl, Fürst zu. 1771-1820. Austrian. Commanded with Napoleon in Russia. Later led Allies vs Napoleon.

Scots Confession. Knox’s Calvinist doctrine, adopted by Scottish parliament 1560.

Segregation. Separation of the races to maintain the advantages of one.

Selim I. 1470-1520. Ottoman sultan 1512-. Conquered Egypt, Syria, part of Persia.

Separatism. 1960-. Quebec movement for political independence from Canada. Referendum defeated 1980, 1995.

Separatists. 16-17C. Factions who left Church of England. Brownists, Pilgrims, Quakers.

September Massacres. 1792. Paris. 1200 prisoners killed by revolutionaries in 4 days. French Revolution.

Servile Wars. Slave revolts vs Rome. 134-132BC Sicily. 102-99BC Sicily. 73-71BC S Italy. Spartacus.

Seventeenth Parallel. 1954-76. Divided North/South Vietnam.

Seymour, Thomas. c1508-49. Brother of Jane. Married Catherine Parr. Executed for treason.

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