Mehmed I. -1421. Ottoman sultan. Restored by Tamerlane; re-united Ottoman territory.

Mehmed II. 1432-81. Ottoman sultan 1451~. Captured Constantinople 1453, ending Byzantine Empire. Conquered Anatolia, Greece, Aegean, most of Syria. Re-established Ottoman Empire.

Mehmed VI. 1861-1926. Last Ottoman Sultan 1918-22. Deposed by Ataturk.

Mesopotamia. 5000BC. Tigris-Euphrates river plain where civilization began. 550BC Persia. 331BC Alexander. 115 Rome. 637 Moslem. 13C Mongol. 1534 Ottoman. Babylon. Akkad. Ur. Iraq.

Midhat Pasha. 1822-83. Turkish Vizier. First Ottoman constitution 1876.

Milan. 1854-1901. Serbian prince 1868-, king 1882-9. Won independence from Ottomans 1878.

Moldavia (former). 14C Vlachs establish. 1349 Independent. 14C +Bessarabia. 16C Autonomous/Ottoman. 1774 Russian protectorate. 1774 -Bessarabia. 1859 +Walachia =Romania. 1940 Part ceded to MSSR.

Montecuccoli, Raimondo. 1609-80. Italian Holy Roman Empire general. Defeated Turks 1664, French 1672-5.

Muhammad ’Ali Pasha. 1769-1849. Egyptian Viceroy 1805-48. Killed Mameluks. Aided Ottomans vs Greeks. Dynasty ruled Egypt to 1952.

Murad I. 1326-89. Ottoman sultan 1360-. Extended empire. Founded Janissaries.

Nader Shah. 1688-1747. Severe ruler of Persia 1736-. Conquered Turks and northern India. Took Koh-i-noor diamond, Peacock Throne.

Nagyvarad, Peace. 1538. Divided Hungary between Hapsburg and Zápolya. Failure allowed Ottoman occupation of 2/3 of Hungary.

Napoleon III. 1808-73. President of French Republic 1848-52. Emperor by coup d’etat 1852-70. Defeated by Bismarck, exiled.

Navarino, Battle. 1827. Greeks/Allies naval defeat of Egypt/Turks.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Osman I. 1258-1326. Turkish founder of Ottoman Empire 1299. Conquered Byzantium.

Otto, Nikolaus. 1832-91. Built 4 Cycle engine 1876.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Paleologus. Byzantine dynasty 1259-1453. Ousted crusader kings. Defeated by Turks.

Palestine. Holy land of Jews, Christians, Moslems. 2100BC Amorites invade. 18C BC Hyksos. 16C Hebrews settle. 1500 Egypt. 142 Maccabees. 63BC Rome...5C Byzantine. 614 Persia. 640 Moslem. 1099 Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1291 Mameluk. 16C Ottoman. 1917 Britain. 1920 British under League of Nations mandate. 1947 Partition, Independent Israel.

Paris, Congress. 1856. Austria, France, Britain, Russia, Ottomans, Sardinia end Crimean War.

Parthenon. 447-431BC. Marble Doric temple of Athena built by Phidias and Ictinus under Pericles on Athens Acropolis. Damaged by Venetians attacking Turks 1687.

Passarowitz, Treaty. 1718. Venice cedes Peloponnesus to Ottomans. Ends Turkish War.

Porte, Sublime. Constantinople Ottoman government.

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