Paul IV. Pope 1555-9. Curtailed corruption. Roman Inquisition. Created Jewish ghetto in Rome 1555.

Paul VI. 1897-1978. Pope 1963-. Encyclical on birth control.

Peirce, Charles. 1839-1914. US philosopher. Pragmatism. -“logic is keystone of all knowledge”.

Peking Protocol. 1901-43. European powers control Peking. Boxer Rebellion indemnity to be paid.

Pelletier, P. J. 1788-1842. Discovered chlorophyll, 1817, with Caventou.

Pelopidas. -364BC. Theban general. Defeated Sparta.

Peloponnesian League. 6C-366BC. Led by Sparta. Leuctra Battle.

Peloponnesian War. 460-445BC. Athens vs Peloponnesian League.

Peloponnesian War, Second. 431-404BC. Sparta defeats Athens, beginning Greek decline.

Pelops. Mythical Mycenaean king Tantalus served to gods as dinner.

Penelope. Faithful wife of Odysseus.

People’s Republic. Communist government by a people’s party. Democratic mandate from popular revolution. Often Totalitarian.

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista. 1710-36. Italian opera buffa composer. La serva padrona 1733. “War of the Buffoons” Paris 1752.

Peri, Jacopo. 1561-1633. Florentine composer. First opera. Dafne 1594. Euridice 1600.

Perry, Matthew. 1794-1858. US Commodore. Opened Japanese trade 1854.

Pestalozzi, Johann. 1746-1827. Swiss educator. Modern primary education system. Paced development from familiar to new. Lienhard and Gertrude 1781-9. How Gertrude Teaches 1801.

Peter, St. -64. Leader of Jesus’ disciples. First pope. Crucified upside-down by Nero.

Petrarch. 1304-74. Italian humanist author, lyric poet, philosopher. To Laura 1366. Dialogue with St. Augustine.

Pfitzner, Hans. 1869-1949. German Post-romantic opera composer. Palestrina 1917.

Phaedo. c417BC. Greek Socratic philosopher. Dialectics, ethics.

Phenomenology. Philosophy. Analysis of phenomena without preconceptions by conscious mind. Husserl.

Philistines. 12C BC- Peoples of Palestine defeated by Saul and David 10C BC. Samson.

Philopappus. Syrian prince. Roman consul. Monument faces on Acropolis.

Philostratus. 3C Greek Sophist. Lives of Sophists. Imagines.

Phocas. -610. Byzantine Emperor 602-. Persecuted Monophysites and Jews.

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