Newton, Isaac. 1643-1727. English physicist. Calculus 1666. Reflecting telescope 1668. Binomial Theorem. 1676. Tides 1683. Law of Gravity and Acceleration 1684. Decomposition of light.Principia Mathematica 1687. Speed of sound 1698.Opticks 1704.

Nezahvualcoyotl. 15C Aztec poet, philosopher, architect. King of Texcoco.

Nicaea, Empire. 1204-61. Byzantine state reconquered Latin Empire to restore Byzantine Empire.

Nicaragua. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spanish settle. 1821 Mexican Empire. 1826 CAF. 1839 Independent. Sandinistas.

Nicholas I. 1841-1921. Prince/King of Montenegro 1860-. Opposed union with Serbia. Deposed 1918.

Nicholas V. 1397-1455. Pope 1447-. Founded Vatican library.

Nicholas of Cusa. 1401-64. German. Proposed heliocentricity, calendar reform 1429. De Docta Ignorantia 1440. “A learned man is one who is aware of his own ignorance.”

Nicias, Peace. 421BC. Pause in Peloponnesian War.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

Niemöller, Martin. 1892-1984. German theologian. Opposed Nazis.

Nietzche, Friedrich. 1844-1900. German philosopher. Superman doctrine. Survival of fittest. Thus Spake Zarathustra 1883-92. Will to Power influenced Fascists.

Night of the Long Knives. 1934. Hitler’s SS murder 77+ Nazi opponents and others.

Nihilistm. 19C Russian philosophy of skepticism associated with disheveled revolutionaries. Utilitarianism and rationalism.

Nika Riot. 532. Constantinople. Revolt vs Emperor Justinian. 30,000 executed.

Nineteen Propositions. 1642. Parliament’s demands, rejected by Charles I. Civil War.

Nominalism. Philosophy. Abstractions do not exist. Things are their names. Vs Realists. Aristotle. Roscelin. Hobbes.

Noncooperation Movement. 1920-22. Ghandi’s non-violent protest in India. Amritsar Massacre.

Nopopery Riots. 1780. Gordon Riots.

Nostradamus. 1503-66. French astrologer. Prophesied Napoleon and Hitler.

Novatian. c200-58. Antipope. Founded strict sect -6C. Novation Schism.

Noyes, John. 1811-86. Founded Utopian Oneida community.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

Oates, Titus. 1649-1705. English Anglican priest. Invented Popish Plot. 35 Catholics executed.

Objectivism. 20C philosophy of Ayn Rand. Egoism. One should act in self-interest. Altruism is a weakness.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

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