British Virgin Is. Arawak. Carib. 1493 Columbus. 1555 Spain. 1648 Dutch. 1666 British settle. 1960 British Crown Colony.

Britten, Benjamin. 1913-76. Influential English composer of operas and symphonies. Paul Bunyan 1941. Billy Budd 1951. War Requiem 1962. Death in Venice 1973.

Brown, Arthur. 1886-1948. First non-stop transatlantic flight, 1919, with Alcock.

Brunei. 15C + Borneo. 16-18C Decline; European colonies. 1888 British protectorate. WWII Japanese occupy. 1971 Self-governing. 1983 Independent Sultanate.

Brunel, Isambard. 1806-59. British inventor of transatlantic steamship, 1838; screw propeller, 1845.

Bruno, Giordano. 1548-1600. Italian Copernican philosopher opposed to dogma. Burned as heretic.

Brussels, Treaty. 1948. = Western Union. 50 year alliance of Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands. 1954 + W Germany, Italy.

Bryan, William Jennings. 1860-1925. US Democrat vs Gold Standard. Scopes prosecutor.

Buber, Martin. 1878-1965. Austrian/Israeli philosopher. I and Thou 1923. -Man’s relation to God.

Bucket Shop. Brokerage house that attempted to profit by delaying placing orders. Now illegal.

Buffons, War of. 1752. Paris intellectuals debate Italian vs French opera. Rousseau.

Bulgaria. Balkans. 7C Bulgar Empire. 1018 Byzantine. 1185 2nd Bulgar Empire. 1396 Ottoman. 1878. Independent kingdom. 1946 People’s Republic. 1991Republic.

Bull, John. Personification of England popularized by Arbuthnot 1712.

Bunsen, Robert. 1811-99. German chemist, perfected bunsen burner. Discovered Caesium, Rubidium 1860. Spectroscopy 1859. Kirchhoff.

Burgundian. c1075-1125. Style of Romanesque architecture. Tall proportional.

Burgundian. Dominant European musical school in 15C. Dufay.

Burke, Edmund. 1729-97. English conservative writer, traditionalist political philosopher. Advocated emancipation of American colonies. Founded Annual Register 1758. Reflections on Revolution in France 1790.

Butler, Samuel. 1835-1902. English utopian author. Erewhon 1872.

Byzantine Architecture. 330-600. Ecclesiastic style. Domes. Vaults. Hagia Sophia 537.

Byzantine Empire. 395-1453. Eastern Roman Empire. Reduced by: 634 Caliphate Empire, 1042 Seljuks, 1204 Crusaders’ Latin Empire, 1453 Ottoman Empire.

Byzantium. 7C BC Greek city. 330 =Constantinople. 1453 =Istanbul.

Caccini, Giulio. 1550-1618. Italian composer. Monodic music, early operas.

Cade’s Rebellion. 1450. English small property holders revolt. War of Roses.

Cadmus. Mythical founder of Thebes. Introduced alphabet to Greeks. Europa’s brother.

Cadwaller. -689. Last Briton king; led people to Brittany.

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