Urban V. 1310-70. Avignon pope. Returned to Rome temporarily 1367-70.

Urban VI. 1318-89. Avignon pope 1378-. Caused Schism.

Urban VIII. 1568-1644. Pope 1623-. Supported France in Thirty Years War.

US Virgin Is. Carib, Arawak. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1666 Denmark. 1673- Slaves brought. 1917 US purchase for $25M.

Utilitarianism. Good is the maximum good for the maximum number of people. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. Moore.

Utopia. Imaginary ideal state. More. Bacon. Plato.

Uzbeks. Siberian Turkic-Mongol peoples with Golden Horde from Siberia. Uzbekistan.

Valdemar IV. Atterdag. 1320-75. Danish king 1340-. Re-united Denmark. Opposed Hanseatic League. Sold Estonia to Teutonic Knights.

Valens. 328-78. East Roman Emperor 364-. Killed at Adrianople.

Vallee, Rudy. 1901-86. US. First pop music star.

Vasarely, Victor. 1908-97. Hungarian/French Op art kinetic painter.

Vedanta. Philosophy of Hinduism from 6C BC Upanishads. Developed by Sankara 7C and Ramanuja 11C.

Vega Carpio, Lope Felix de. 1562-1635. “Father” of Spanish drama. 1800 plays. Italian form to Spanish poetry.

Velleda. German druidess, prophet under Vespasian.

Vendôme Column. Paris. 1805. Has had statues of Napoleon as Caesar, Henry IV, a Fleur-de-lys, Napoleon in uniform, and now a copy of the original.

Venezuela. Carib, Caraca, Teque. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1523 Spain settles. 1811 Independence declared. 1821 «Gran Colombia. 1829 Independent republic.

Venezuelan Claims. 1902-7. European countries blockade ports to press for loan repayment.

Verdi, Giusseppe. 1813-1901. Italian Nationalist operatic composer. Otello. Rigoletto 1851. Traviata 1853. Aida 1871.

Verner, Karl. 1846-96. Danish philologist of Indo-European languages. Phonetics 1875.

Verona Congress. 1822. Last Holy Alliance congress. Authorized French intervention in Spanish revolution. British opposed intervention in New Spain. Failure of Congress System.

Viau, Théophile. 1590-1626. French pre-Classical poet, dramatist. Pyramus and Thisbe 1623.

Vico, Giambattista. 1668-1744. Italian cultural philosopher: Scienzo Nuova 1720.

Vienna, Congress. 1814-15. Redrew map of Europe after Napoleon. Prussia gains Rhine, Westphalia. Swiss borders and neutrality confirmed. Netherlands created from Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg. Malta and Cape Colony ceded to Britain. Russia gets Poland. Austria trades Netherlands for north Italy. France reduced to 1792 borders. Metternich.

Vikings. Scandinavians who raided Europe 530-12C. Discovered Greenland, 982, North America, 10C. Norsemen. Varangians.

Villehardouin, Geoffroi de. c1150-1213. French crusader/historian. Conquête de Constantinopole 1209.

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