South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Spanish Succession, War. 1701-14. Britain, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands vs Spain, France. Opposed French Philip V succession to Spanish throne creating power imbalance. Queen Anne’s War.

Sparta. 9C BC-396. A dominant Greek city-state 6-4C BC. Peloponnesian War defeated rival Athens. 396 Visigoths destroy.

Spencer, Herbert. 1820-1903. English evolutionist philosopher. “Survival of the fittest.” Associationism. Anti-socialism, “Best government is the least government.” The Synthetic Philosophy 1860-96. Liberal Utilitarianism.

Speusippus. -339BC. Led Athens Academy after Plato. First Encyclopedia.

Spinoza, Baruch. 1632-77. Dutch Rationalist philosopher. Criticized scriptures. Excommunicated by Jews. God and nature are one. Determinist. Pantheist. God and Nature 1659. Ethics 1665.

SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus. = The Senate and People of Rome.

St-Germain, Comte de. 1707-84. Won favour of Europe’s courts with “elixir of long life”.

St Kitts and Nevis. St Kitts: Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1623,4 British, French settle, dispute. 1783 British. Nevis: 1628 British settle. 1816 St Kitts +Nevis, Anguilla, Virgin Islands. 1871 Leeward Islands Federation. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 St Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla Autonomous. 1980 -Anguilla. 1983 Independent.

St Lawrence Seaway. Links Great Lakes with Atlantic shipping. 1952 Begun. 1959 Open.

St Paul’s. London Cathedral. 1287 Original. 1701 Wren finished.

St Sophia. Hagia Sophia.

St Vincent and the Grenadines. Carib. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1763 English. 1773 Treaty with Caribs. 1795 Carib revolt fails, most deported. 1871 Windward Is. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1969 Autonomous. +Grenadines. 1979 Independent.

Staël, Germaine de. 1766-1817. French woman of letters. Opposed Napoleon. Exiled. Corinne 1807. Germany 1810.

Stafford, Henry. 1454-83. Aided, then opposed Richard III. Executed.

Stanhope, James. 1673-1721. English general. Negotiated Triple, Quadruple Alliances.

Steiner, Rudolf. 1861-1925. Founded Anthroposophical Society 1912.

Stephen II. Pope 752-57. First to rule Papal states.

Still, Andrew. 1828-1917. US osteopathy founder.

Stokowski, Leopold. 1882-1977. US conductor of contemporary and unusual works.

Stonehenge. c18-14C BC. English megalithic monument with astronomical properties, religious purpose.

Stopes, Marie. 1880-1958. British Family Planning pioneer. First London birth control clinic 1921.

Storm, Theodor. 1817-88. German Realist writer. Rider of the White Horse 1838. Pole Poppenspäler 1874.

Strasbourg Oath. 842. Charles II, Louis II oppose Lothair I. Earliest example of written French.

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