Rockefeller, John. 1839-1937. US oil millionaire, philanthropist.

Rodó, José. 1872-1917. Uruguayan philosopher/writer. Ariel 1900.

Rolland, Romain. 1866-1944. French writer Jean Christophe 1904-46.

Roman Catholic Church. 30-. Branch of Christianity recognizing Pope as successor to St Peter. East-West Schism. Eastern Orthodoxy. Protestantism.

Romance Languages. European languages deriving from Latin.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Romanticism. 18C Philosophical movement rooted in Pietism. Began in Germany. Spread across Europe in 19C.

Romany. Indo-European language of Gypsies. No written form.

Root-Takahira Agreement. 1908. US-Japan. Maintains Open Door policy in China.

Rossini, Gioacchino. 1792-1868. Italian opera composer: Barber of Seville 1816. William Tell 1829.

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Rowlatt Acts. 1919. Suppressed liberties in British India led to Amritsar Riots, Noncooperation Movement.

Royal Hospital. 1685. Chelsea building by Wren.

Royal Society. 1660. English publisher of scientific Philosophical Transactions since 1665.

Royce, Josiah. 1855-1916. US Idealist philosopher.

Rubinstein, Anton. 1829-94. Russian pianist, composer. Operas, concerti. Demon 1875.

Rubinstein, Arthur. 1886-1982. Popular Polish/US pianist.

Runes. 3-16/17C. Alphabet used by German peoples; origin unknown.

Ruska, Ernst. 1906-88. German engineer. Electron microscope.

Russell, Bertrand. 1872-1970. English mathematician, liberal philosopher, logician, pacifist. Believed in human reason. Founded CND. Principles of Mathematics 1910-13. History of Western Philosophy 1945.

Rykov, Aleksey. 1881-1938. Russian Bolshevik leader. Opposed Stalin. Rehabilitated 1988.

Sabbatal, Zevi. 1626-76. Jewish mystic. Failed march on Constantinople.

Sachs, Julius von. 1832-97. German discoverer of chlorophyll action.

Saint-Simon, Henri de. 1760-1825. “Father” of French Socialism. Utopian writer. Organisateur 1820. Industry. New Christianity 1825.

Salians. Dynasty. Ruled HRE 1024-1125. Investiture Controversy with pope.

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