Neptune. Roman god of the Sea = Poseidon. Trident.

Nero. 37-68. Cruel, licentious Roman Emperor 54-. Persecuted Christians. Killed mother, wife. Blamed for fire, 63. Golden House.

Netherlands. Celts, Germans. 1C Rome. 400 Franks...Carolingian. 9C HRE. 1477 Hapsburg. 1555 Spain. 1581 Independent(N) = United Provinces. 1795 France. Batavian Republic. 1806 Kingdom of Holland. 1810 «France. 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 1830 -Belgium. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

Nobiles. 3C- Roman ruling aristocracy. Patricians and office holding Plebeians.

Novalis. 1772-1801. German Romantic poet.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Oehlenschläger, Adam. 1779-1850. Danish Romantic poet.

Old Catholics. 1870. Catholic sect vs papal infallibility. Joined Church of England 1931.

Oman. 1508 Portugal discovers. 1659 Turkey. 1741 Said dynasty. Zanzibar.

Ops. Roman goddess of harvest, fertility. = Rhea.

Orcus. Roman god of underworld and dead. = Hades.

Orestes. -476. Roman general. Deposed Nepos for his son, Romulus Augustulus.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Orsini. 12C-. Influential Roman family. Popes Celestine III, Nicholas III, Benedict XIII.

Osman I. 1258-1326. Turkish founder of Ottoman Empire 1299. Conquered Byzantium.

Otakar II. -1278. King of Bohemia 1252-. Killed at Dürnkrut opposing HRE Rudolf I.

Otto I. The Great. 912-73. King of Germany, 936-. Founded Holy Roman Empire, 962. Deposed Pope John XII.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Ovid. 43BC-17 AD. Roman poet: Art of Love. Tristia. Metamorphoses.

Pacification of Ghent. 1576. Catholic, Protestant truce in Netherlands to revolt vs Spanish occupiers.

Padilla, Juan de. 1490-1521. Spanish revolutionary. Led Communeros vs Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Executed.

Paleologus. Byzantine dynasty 1259-1453. Ousted crusader kings. Defeated by Turks.

Palestine. Holy land of Jews, Christians, Moslems. 2100BC Amorites invade. 18C BC Hyksos. 16C Hebrews settle. 1500 Egypt. 142 Maccabees. 63BC Rome...5C Byzantine. 614 Persia. 640 Moslem. 1099 Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1291 Mameluk. 16C Ottoman. 1917 Britain. 1920 British under League of Nations mandate. 1947 Partition, Independent Israel.

Palladian. Classical Roman British architecture. 1615-35 and 1715-60. Inigo Jones. Palladio.

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