Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Cuba. Ciboney, Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1511 Spanish colony. 1517 Slaves brought. 1898 US. Spanish-American War. 1902 Republic. 1957-9 Castro Revolution, Communist dictatorship.

Cuban Revolution. 1956-9. Castro overthrows Batista.

Cuchulain. Legendary powerful Irish warrior.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Czechoslovakia Intervention. 1968. Russian troops end Dubcek reform policies. Warsaw Pact maintains right to intervene anywhere Socialism is threatened.

Dares Phrygius. Trojan Priest. Wrote about Trojan Wars.

Dark Ages. c500-1000. Period of decline, frequent war. Little documentation survives.

Davis, Jefferson. 1808-89. US Confederate president during Civil War.

Davout, Louis. 1770-1823. Napoleon’s general, Minister of War 1815.

Dayan, Moshe. 1915-81. Israeli general in Arab-Israeli Wars. Cabinet Minister 1967~79.

Declaration of Independence. July 4, 1776. American colonies declare independence from British rule during War of Independence.

Defenestration of Prague. 1419. Hussites eject aldermen. 1618. Protestants throw regents out window. Begins Thirty Years War.

DeGasperi, Alcide. 1881-1954. Italian Prime Minister 1945-53. Post-war reconstruction.

Delaroche, Paul. 1797-1859. French portrait and historical painter. Death of Queen Elizabeth. Children of Edward.

Delaware. “First” US state. Owasco, Delaware, Nanticoke, Assateague. 1609 English exploredl. 1631 Dutch. 1638 Swedish. 1655 Dutch. 1664 England.

Denfert-Rochereau, Philippe. 1823-78. French Colonel in war of 1870.

Denmark. 6C Viking. 9C Large kingdom + NE England. 10C United; + Norway. 1013-1042 + England. 12C + N Germany. 13C Civil war. 1340 Re-united. 1380 + Norway. 1388 -1523 + Sweden. 1720 Colonized Greenland. 1814 -Norway. 1815-64 +Schleswig, Holstein. WWI Neutral. 1920 +N Schleswig. WWII German occupation. 1944 -Iceland.

Desert Storm. 1991. Gulf War.

Despard, Edward. 1751-1803. 1802 Plot to assassinate George III.

Despenser, Hugh le. 1261-1326 The Elder; -1326 The Younger. Advised/controlled Edward II. Executed by Mortimer and Isabella.

Détente. 1969-79. Relaxation of Cold War tensions between SALT and Afghanistan Invasion.

Dettingen, Battle. 1743. English defeat French in War of Austrian Succession.

Devolution, War of. 1667-8. French fail to sieze Spanish Netherlands for Marie-Thérèse vs Charles II. Triple Alliance. Aix-la-Chapelle.

Dewar, James. 1842-1923. Scottish physicist: liquified helium1898, vacuum flask. Abel.

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