Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Peter’s Pence. Tithe paid to papacy.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Peterskirche. 13C. Zurich church with world’s largest clock face, 28.5 feet.

Petit Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition. Paris Museum of Fine Arts.

Petit Pont. 1852. Bridge across Seine at site of original Roman crossing.

Petition of Rights. 1628. Accepted by Charles I, limiting British monarch’s powers.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Petrarch. 1304-74. Italian humanist author, lyric poet, philosopher. To Laura 1366. Dialogue with St. Augustine.

Petrie, Flinders. 1853-1942. British archeologist. Sequential dating method.

Petronius, Caius. -66 Roman satirist in Nero’s court. Satyricon.

Pfitzner, Hans. 1869-1949. German Post-romantic opera composer. Palestrina 1917.

Phaedo. c417BC. Greek Socratic philosopher. Dialectics, ethics.

Phaedra. Mythical Greek princess. Falsely accused Hippolytus of rape.

Phalangists. 1936-2000 Militant Maronites vs Moslems in Lebanese Civil War.

Phalanx. 7C BC. Greek infantry formation in 8 rows.

Pharaoh. Egyptian king’s title. =“great house”. Physical embodiment of god Ra.

Pharisees. 2C BC-70. Jewish religious sect. Oral law and Torah, vs Sadducees (Torah only). Mishna.

Pharos. 280BC-13C. Alexandria lighthouse. 135m high. Seven Wonders.

Pharsalus, Battle. 48BC. Caesar defeats Pompey.

Phenomenalism. Matter is defined by sense experience.

Phenomenology. Philosophy. Analysis of phenomena without preconceptions by conscious mind. Husserl.

Phidias. c490-430BC. Greek sculptor. Parthenon frieze. 42 foot gold and ivory statue of Zeus at Olympia. 7 Wonders.

Philadelphia. Greek name for Amman, Jordan.

Philby, Kim. 1912-88. British/Soviet double agent 1933-51. Escaped to USSR 1963. My Secret War 1968.

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