Op art. 20C style incorporating optical illusion of movement. Vasarely. Riley.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Open Door. 1900-39. US policy of equal trade rights with China.

Opéra. 1861-75. Paris opera house by Garnier.

Opera Buffa. = Comic Opera. Pergolesi.

Opéra-Comique. 18C-. French light opera infl by Italian Opera Buffa. Grétry.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Oppenheimer, Robert. 1904-67. US atomic scientist. Led Manhattan Project.

Ops. Roman goddess of harvest, fertility. = Rhea.

Oradour-sur-Glane. 1944. Germans kill residents, burn town. 10 survivors of 652.

Orange, House of. French dynasty influential in Netherlands. William I. William III.

Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Orangemen. 1795- Irish Protestant political faction.

Oranges, War of. 1801. France and Spain defeat and divide Portugal.

Orcagna, Andrea. 1308-68. Florentine painter and sculptor.

Orcus. Roman god of underworld and dead. = Hades.

Ordeal, Trial by. -1219. English common form of trial. eg: fire, battle, dunking.

Oregon Question. 1818-46. Britain vs US on Canadian border. Treaty established 49°N 1846.

Oregon Trail. 1840-70. 2,000 mile route from Missouri to Oregon.

Orestes. Electra’s brother. Killed mother and her lover to avenge death of his father, Agamemnon.

Orestes. -476. Roman general. Deposed Nepos for his son, Romulus Augustulus.

Orff, Carl. 1895-1982. Modern German composer. Straightforward. Carmina Burana 1936.

Orgetorix. -60BC. Helvetian chief vs Caesar.

Orient Express. 1883-1977. Paris-Istanbul train.

Oriental Canon Law. 880. Ecclesiastical laws of Eastern Christian churches.

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