Wolfram von Eschenbach. 1170-1220. German lyric poet. Parsifal 1202.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Wundt, Wilhelm. 1832-1920. German “father of” experimental psychology 1858.

Yiddish. 12C- European Jewish language from High German+Hebrew+Slavic.

Young Germany. 1830-50. Literary movement vs Nationalism and Romanticism. Heine. Wienbarg.

Young Plan. 1930. Fixed German WWI reparations at 37 billion gold marks to be paid by 1988. One payment made.

Ypres, Battles. 1914,15,17,18. German First use of poison gas, 1915.

Yugoslavia. Balkans. 1918 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes. 1929 =Yugoslavia. 1929-31 Dictatorship. 1941-45 Italy, Germany occupy. 1945 Socialist Federation of Republics. 1948 Broke Soviet ties. 1991 -Croatia, Slovenia, Civil war. Serbia. Croatia. Bosnia-Hercegovina. Slovenia. Macedonia. Montenegro. Tito. Kosovo.

Zabern Affair. 1913. Riots caused by German military rule in Alsace-Lorraine.

Zeebrugge, Raid. 1918. Allied attempt to block harbour, trapping German submarines, warships.

Zeppelin, Ferdinand von. 1838-1917. German constructor of dirigibles 1900-. 1928 Graf Zeppelin around world. Transatlantic service 1928-37. Hindenburg.

Zimmerman Telegram. 1917. Germany suggests Mexican alliance if US enters war. Interception aroused public vs Germany.

Zinzendorf, Nikolaus. 1700-60. German Pietist. Founded Moravian church.

Zollverein. 1818-71. German economic agreements led by Prussia...German Customs Union 1834. First steps toward union.

Aetolian League. 4-2C BC. Confederation of Greek city states, led by Thebes.

Articles of Confederation. 1781-9. First US Constitution.

Bar, Confederation of. 1768-72. Polish RC nobles vs Russian hegemony.

Basel, Treaty. 1795. Prussia, France exchange Rhine territories.

Charlottetown Conference. 1864. Canadian provinces plan Confederation.

Confederation. 1867. United Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper and Lower Canada as Dominion of Canada.

Confederation Group. 19C Canadian nationalistic poets. Carmen.

Constitutional Convention. 1787. Philadelphia. Amended Articles of Confederation. Constitution.

Fallen Timbers, Battle. 1794. US defeat NW Confederation Indians, ending resistance.

Galt, Alexander. 1817-93. British/Canadian statesman, father of Canadian Confederation.

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