Gringo. 1847. Mexican pejorative for American. From “Green grow the rushes, oh”, sung during Mexican War.

Gulf War. 1990-91. Allies (US, Britain, France, Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia +26 others) expel Iraq from Kuwait.

Gunpowder Plot. Nov 5, 1605. Conspiracy of Catholics against James I. Betrayed, the Houses of Parliament were not blown up. Guy Fawkes is burned in effigy each year. Catesby.

Gunther. -437. First King of Burgundy, defeated by Huns.

Haeretico Comburendo. 1401. English statute legalizing the burning of heretics.

Hafez. 1325-89. Persian poet. Divan 1369. Now, anyone who has memorized the Koran.

Hagar. Sarah, Abraham’s wife’s handmaid. Mother of Ishmael.

Haller, Albrecht von. 1708-77. Swiss anatomist. “Father of experimental physiology”.

Hamilcar Barca. -228BC. Hannibal’s father.

Hamilton, William Rowan. 1805-65. Irish mathematician. Unification of optics and dynamics. Quaternion Theory.

Hammett, Dashiell. 1894-1961. US detective story writer. The Thin Man 1952. Maltese Falcon 1930.

Hammurabi. -1750BC. Babylonian king 1792- who codified the law.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Hapsburg. Dynasty ruled Austria 1278-1918, Spain 1516-1700, Holy Roman Empire 1273-1806, Netherlands. 1712-97, Hungary 1526~1918.

Hardy, Thomas. 1840-1928. English novelist: Far from the Madding Crowd 1874; Mayor of Casterbridge 1886; Jude the Obscure 1896. Man as victim of fate. -“the worth encompassed by the inevitable”.

Harnack, Adolf von. 1851-1930. German theological historian. History of Dogma 1886-9.

Hasdrubal. -207BC. Hannibal’s brother. Carthaginian commander.

Hauptman, Gerhart. 1862-1946. Polish/German poet and writer. The Weavers 1892.

Haydn, Joseph. 1732-1809. Austrian Classical composer. Father of modern symphony and string quartet. Solomon Symphony 1791-5. English Symphony 1794. Seasons 1801.

Hazlitt, William. 1778-1830. English essayist, critic. The Plain Speaker 1826.

Heath, Edward. 1916-. British Conservative Prime Minister 1970-4. Common Market.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Helicon. Greek mountain dedicated to the Muses and Apollo.

Heliocentricity. Revolution of the earth around the sun. Once considered heretical. Galileo. Copernicus.

Hellenistic Art. c330-50BC. Cosmopolitan culturally diverse period of Alexander’s empire. Sensual, emotional sculpture. Dying Gaul. Laocoön.

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