Council of the Republic. 1917. Russian provisional government.

Counter-Reformation. 1517-1622. Catholic reform that followed the Reformation. Trent.

Courbet, Gustave. 1819-77. French Realist painter, socialist activist. Commune. The Artist’s Studio 1855.

Cousin, Jean the Elder. 1490-1560. French painter. Eva Prima Pandora, early French nude.

Cowper, William. 1731-1800. English poet. The Task.

Craig, James. 1871-1940. First Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, 1921-.

Cranach, Lucas. 1472-1553. German painter and engraver. Luther 1533.

Creon. Oedipus’ uncle. King of Thebes. Killed Antigone.

Cressida. Unfaithful to Troilus, she deserted Troy for the Greeks.

Crichton, James “The Admirable”. 1560-82. Scottish adventurer/scholar.

Crispi, Francesco. 1819-1901. Italian Prime Minister 1887~96. Thousand.

Cromwell, Oliver. 1599-1658. Led revolution in England, 1649. Lord Protector of the Realm, 1653-. Commonwealth Head of Government, 1649-. Signed Charles I death warrant.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

Cubism, Synthetic. 1913. Braque and Picasso create a collage form of painting.

Culpeper’s Rebellion. 1677-79. Carolina colonists vs England. Establish their own government.

Cumberland, Richard. 1631-1718. Philosopher, “father” of English Utilitarianism.

Cunaxa, Battle. 401BC. Failed revolt vs Artaxerxes II. Retreat of the Ten Thousand.

Curragh Incident. 1914. 57 British army officers resign rather than fight Ulstermen.

Cybele. Roman Great Mother of gods. = Rhea.

Cynicism. 4C BC-6C. Greek philosophy. Antisthenes. Diogenes.

Cyrenaics. 4C BC. Greek school of philosophy. Pleasure is the highest good. Epicureanism.

Cyrus the Younger. -401BC. Conspired vs Artaxerxes. Killed at Cunaxa.

Daedalus. Builder of the Crete labyrinth. Escaped Minos with artificial wings. Icarus.

Dampier, William. 1651-1715. First English scientific explorer. Pirate, 1678-91. New Voyage Round the World, 1697.

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