Nirvana. Hindu and Buddhist final state of freedom.

Numidia. 3C BC-428. Country in N Africa. 46BC Rome. 428 Vandal. ≈Algeria.

Oldenbarneveldt, Jan van. 1547-1619. Dutch statesman vs Spanish occupation. Negotiated Treaty of Utrecht.

Opera Buffa. = Comic Opera. Pergolesi.

Passchendaele, Battle. 1917 Limit of British/Canadian advance WWI, Ypres. 300,000 casualties. 1918 Germans first use of mustard gas.

Pavlov, Ivan. 1849-1936. Russian physiologist: discovered conditioned response.

Penn, William. 1644-1718. English Quaker. Founded Pennsylvania 1681.

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista. 1710-36. Italian opera buffa composer. La serva padrona 1733. “War of the Buffoons” Paris 1752.

Pisano, Giovanni. c1254-1314. Italian Gothic sculptor, son of Nicola Perouse Fountain 1278. Pistoia Cathedral pulpit 1301. PIsa Cathedral pulpit 1302-10.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Post-Impressionism. -1910. Modern art movement of solid color and forms as a reaction to Impressionism. Cezanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin.

Prefect. Roman civil servants delegated Consul’s power.

Rákóczi I, György. 1593-1648. Transylvanian prince. Won rights from Hapsburgs for Hungarians.

RákóczI II, Ferenc. 1676-1735. Transylvanian prince. Led Hungarian Uprising 1703.

Rembrandt van Rijn. 1606-69. Dutch painter of bold realism. Chiaroscuro. Engraver. Antomy Lesson 1632. Night Watch 1642.

Ricimer. -472. Roman general. Defeated Vandals, deposed Emperor.

Rieboeck, Jan van. 1619-77. Dutch founder of Cape Town.

Romania. Balkans. Dacia. 15C Ottoman. 1859 Moldavia+Walachia. 1878 Independent. 1918 + Bessarabia, Transylvania. 1940 -Bessarabia. 1947 People’s Republic. 1955 Warsaw Pact. 1989 Revolt. Ceausescu overthrown.

Rublyov, Andrei. c1360-1430. Russian icon painter.

Ruche, La. the Beehive. Montparnasse Avant-garde artist residence and studio, 1900-30. Chagall. Léger.

Ruisdael, Jacob van. 1628-82. Dutch landscape painter. Jewish Cemetery c1660. Wheatfields c1670.

Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Sabbatarians. Christians for strict observance of sabbath by all. Blue Laws.

Sacco-Vanzetti Case. 1921-7. Italian/US anarchists convicted and executed despite prejudiced trial.

Sakharov, Andrei. 1921-89. Soviet physicist, human rights activist. Hydrogen bomb. Formed Committee for Human Rights 1970.

59 more results ...