Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Towton, Battle. 1461. York victory in War of Roses. Henry VI fled England. Edward IV took crown.

Turpin, Dick. 1706-39. Romanticized English highwayman. Mythical York-London ride.

Warbeck, Perkin. 1474-99. Flemish. Posed as Richard, Duke of York, pretender to the English throne. Executed.

Warwick, Earl of. 1428-71. “The Kingmaker”-. Helped York Edward IV, then restored Lancaster Henry VI.

Wilfrid, St. 634-709. Bishop of York 665-. Urged Roman usages at Whitby Synod.

York. Branch of the Anjou-Plantegenet family, Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III. War of Roses.

York, Alvin. 1887-1964. US WWI hero.

York Cathedral. 625 Original. 1070-1472 Current.

Yorktown, Siege. 1781. British surrender to American and French forces. American Revolution.

Adullam. Biblical city in central Israel.

Aetolian League. 4-2C BC. Confederation of Greek city states, led by Thebes.

Alba Longa. Italian birthplace of Romulus and Remus. Oldest Latin city (1152BC).

Argos. Greek city-state. Dominated Peloponnesus 7C BC.

Arsonval, Arsène d’. 1851-1940. French doctor and physicist. Electricity in body mvmt.

Augustine, St. 354-430. Author of Confessions, City of God. Bishop of Hippo. “God is omnipotent.” Introduced Neoplatonic Determinism to Christianity. Church should rule state.

Barye, Antoine. 1795-1875. French sculptor of simplicity, energy. Jaguar devouring a hare 1850.

Byzantium. 7C BC Greek city. 330 =Constantinople. 1453 =Istanbul.

Campanella, Tommaso. 1568-1639. Italian monk, philosopher. City of the Sun 1602 parallels Plato’s Republic.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Chaeronea, Battle. 338BC. Philip of Macedon defeats Greek city-states.

Chanel, Gabrielle (Coco). 1883-1971. French haut couture, perfume doyenne. Simplicity.

Collins, William. 1721-59. English pre-Romantic lyric poet. Ode to Simplicity.

Coulomb, Charles de. 1736-1806. French naval engineer, defined unit of electricity. Electrical attraction 1785.

Damascus. c2500BC. World’s oldest continuously inhabited city. Syria.

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