Ferry, Jules. 1832-93. French premier 1880~5. Expanded empire. Compulsory secular education 1882. Dissolved Jesuits.

Feuillants. 1577- Cistercian order.

Francis of Assisi, St. 1182-1226. Founder of the Franciscan order.

Franciscans. 1209. Religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi. Missionary and educational work. Includes Capuchins, Conventuals, Observants, Zealots.

Freemasons. Secret fraternal organization based on guilds, chivalry, religious orders. 1717 London Grand Lodge.

Garter, Order of. c1348. First Order of British Knighthood. Founded by Edward III. “Honi soit qui mal y pense”. Shame on him who thinks evil of it.

Golden Fleece, Order of. 1430. Knighthood founded by Philip the Good.

Gretna Green. 1754-1940. Scottish border village popular for runaway marriages.

Hayashi, Senjuro. 1876-1943. Japanese commander, Prime Minister 1937. Ordered invasion of Manchuria. WWII.

Hospitallers, Knights. 11C-. Order of St. John. First devoted to aid of pilgrims to Holy Land. Prominent in crusades. Bought Rhodes 1309. Expelled by Ottomans, 1522. Given Malta by Charles V, 1530. Expelled by Napoleon, 1798. = Knights of Malta.

Innocent III. c1160-1216. Pope 1198-. Peak power of papacy. Fourth Crusade. Authorized incorporation of University of Paris 1215. Placed Inquisition under Franciscans and Dominicans. Crowned Frederick II.

Ionic Order. 6C BC. Greek architectural style. Fluted columns with scroll-shaped capital.

Jansenism. 1640-1730. Sought return to severity of Augustine. Opposed Jesuits. Gallicanism. Arnauld. Suppressed by Louis XIV. Pascal. Quesnel.

Jesuit Order. Society of Jesus.1534-. Founded by Loyola. Vows of poverty, chastity, and perfect obedience to Pope. Missionary and educational work. Dissolved 1773; restored 1814.

John, Order of St. = Hospitallers.

June Days. 1848. Paris workers uprising. Cavaignac’s military rule kills 10,000 to restore order.

Korean War. 1950-3. China supports Communist invasion of South Korea. Repelled with UN aid-mainly US troops. MacArthur. 38th parallel border reestablished. 5M dead.

Legion of Honour. French national order instituted by Napoleon, 1802. Five ranks: Grands Croix, Grands Officiers, Commandeurs, Officiers, Chevaliers.

Livonian Knights. 1202-1561. German religious order to Christianize Baltic. Livonia.

Logos. Greek force of cosmic order and reason. Link between God and man. Philo.

London Protocol. 1830. Established independent Greece as Kingdom. 1832 Set Greek borders.

Loyola, St. Ignatius. 1491-1556. Spanish soldier, founder of ascetic Jesuit Order, army of God working directly for the Pope. Spiritual Exercises 1548.

Mason-Dixon Line. 1763-7. MD-PA border named for its 2 surveyors. 1820- Separated slave/free states.

Mendicant Friars. 13C-. Religious orders depending on alms. Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, Carmelites.

Molay, Jacques de. 1243-1314. Last Grand Master of the Order of Templars. Burned.

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