Gallipoli. 1915-16. Unsuccessful Allied attempt to secure Dardanelles from Turkey. Churchill resigns as Lord of Admiralty.

Gallon. 1707 Queen Anne’s wine gallon=US gallon (231 cubic inches). 1824 Imperial gallon defined as 10 pounds of water.

Garigliano, Battle. 1503. Spain defeats French invasion and wins Naples.

Genêt, Edmond. 1763-1834. French diplomat. Failed to win US support for war vs Britain.

Gerry, Elbridge. 1744-1814. US statesman. XYZ Affair. 1812 Gerrymandering - drawing electoral boundaries to affect the outcome of an election.

Gershwin, George. 1898-1937. US popular composer. Rhapsody in Blue 1924. Porgy and Bess 1935.

Godwin. -1053. English Earl. Exiled 1051. Invaded England 1052.

Godwin, William. 1756-1836. English atheist philosopher, author. Anarchism. Cooperation is evil. Things as they Are 1794.

Goodman, Benny. 1909-86. US clarinetist/ bandleader. “King of Swing”.

Gorgias. c400BC. Sophist. “Making the losing cause the winning one.”

Great Schism. 1054. East-West Schism. 1378-1417. Period of rival Popes in Rome, Avignon, following Avignon Papacy.

Hadley, George. 1685-1768. English climatologist: explained trade winds.

Halcyone. Aeolus’ daughter. Became kingfisher. Week of winter calm.

Hannibal. 247-182BC. Carthaginian leader. Crossed the Alps with elephants in winter to attack Rome 217BC. St Bernard Pass. Punic Wars.

Homer, Winslow. 1836-1910. US Realist seascape painter.

Howe, Elias. 1819-67. US inventor: sewing machine 1845. Thimmonier.

Hubble, Edwin. 1889-1953. English discoverer of galaxies 1922-24.

Huxley, Thomas. 1825-95. English scientist, lecturer. Coined term “agnostic”. Darwinist.

Icarus. Son of Daedalus, wings melted when he flew too close to the sun.

Iraq. Mesopotamia. 1920 British mandate. 1921 Kingdom = Iraq. 1932 Independent. 1958 Arab Federation 1958 Left-wing coup, Republic. 1963 Anti-Communist coup. 1979 Hussein dictator. 1990 Kuwait Invasion.

Irgun Zvai Leumi. 1931-48. Jewish right-wing terrorist group in Palestine.

Irish Republican Army. IRA. 1919-. For a unified independent Ireland by terrorism (Provisional Wing) or by democratic means (Officials). Opposed Allies in WWII. Terrorism 1921-40, 1969-. Outlawed in Eire 1930, 36, 74. Sinn Fein.

Iron Curtain. 1946. Churchill’s name for Russia’s increasing influence in Eastern Europe. Dining à la Russe refers to carving being done behind an iron screen.

Irving, Washington. 1783-1859. US writer. Rip van Winkle. Legend of Sleepy Hollow 1819. Tales of a Traveller 1824. Inventor of short story.

Jim Crow Laws. 1877-1964. US laws allowing segregation.

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