Togo. 17-19C Slave trade. 1884 German protectorate = Togoland. 1920 British(W)/ French(E) League of Nations mandate. 1957 British Togo +Gold Coast = Independent Ghana. 1960 French Togo independent = Togo.

Toleration, Act of. 1689. England. Religious freedom for non-conformists.

Tone, Wolfe. 1763-98. Irish nationalist leader, rebel. Led French force to Ireland 1798. Suicide. United Irishmen.

Torun, Treaty. 1466. Poland, Teutonic Knights. Poland regains Prussia. Knights acknowledge Polish sovereignty.

Tostig. -1066. Brother of English Harold II. Aided William the Conqueror and Norway’s Harold III invasions of England.

Towton, Battle. 1461. York victory in War of Roses. Henry VI fled England. Edward IV took crown.

Trafalgar, Battle. 1805. Nelson’s victory over the French and Spanish fleets. British naval superiority secured. Nelson killed. Ends Napoleon’s plans to invade England.

Triple Alliance. 1668 England, United Provinces, Sweden vs France to protect Spanish Netherlands. 1717 France, England, Dutch Republic vs Spain...Quadruple Alliance. 1788-90 British, Dutch Republic, Prussia vs spread of Russo-Swedish War. 1795. England, Austria, Russia vs threat of French Revolution.1882-1914. Germany, Austria, Italy vs Triple Entente.

Tudor. Welsh dynasty. Ruled England 1485-1603.

Turner, Joseph. 1775-1851. English Romantic landscape painter. Original use of color. Reflections on water. Mature style more abstract. Snowstorm 1812. Rain, Speed, Smoke 1844.

Tuvalu. 1764 British discover. 1892 British protectorate. 1915 «Gilbert and Ellice Island colony. 1978 Independent = Tuvalu.

Twelve Tribes of Israel. Hebrews who settled promised land after Exodus. Each led by a son or grandson of Jacob (Israel). Hence, Israelites.

Twenty-One Demands. 1915. China submits to Japanese threats. Japan controls Manchuria, Mongolia and have access to ports and islands.

Ukraine. 3C Ostrogoths. Rus. 1240 Golden Horde. 1392 Lithuania. 1569 Poland. 1648 Independent Cossack state. 1654 Muscovy protectorate. 1772 Russia. 1918 Independent. 1923 USSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Ulster. 5C Independent kingdom. 1171 De Courci conquers for England. 1594-1601 Failed rebellion. 1610 Presbyterian Scots settle. 1920 Northern Ireland.

Ulster Peace Movement. 1976-. Protestant and Catholic women attempt to end Northern Ireland violence.

Union Act. 1707. England and Scotland united as Great Britain. One parliament; separate law and religion. 1801-1921. Ireland and Great Britain united as United Kingdom. Proposed by Irish Parliament 1799. Ireland Act. Anglo-Irish Treaty.

United Kingdom. 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 1921 -Irish Free State =UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

United Provinces. 1581-1795. Dutch unite vs Spain. Netherlands.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948. United Nations list of rights to be accorded people by their governments. Rejected by USSR, China, Poland, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, many Moslem countries. Signed by Russia, 1996.

Usury. Maximum interest rates: Rome 50BC: 12%, 529: 8%. Islam 622: 0%. Christian 1311: 0%. England: 1623 8%, 1651 6%, 1713 5%, 1854 eliminated. USA, by State: 5-45%

Utrecht, Treaties. 1713-14. Ended War of Spanish Succession. Austria gains Netherlands. France cedes Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay, Nova Scotia to England. Spain cedes Gibraltar, Minorca to England.

Utrecht, Union of. 1579. United Provinces alliance created vs Spanish rule in Netherlands.

Vagrancy Acts. England. 1459 Authorized imprisonment. 1530 whipping. 1535 mutilation. 1597 included entertainers. 1713 branding prohibited.

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